Barriers to Path Creation: The Case of Offshore Wind Power in Norway

abstract

Although economic geography has made considerable progress in explaining the emergence of new industrial development paths, a number of issues have yet to be sufficiently explored. The purpose of this article is to contribute to economic geography research on path creation by developing a conceptual framework that specifies key conditions and reinforcing mechanisms for path creation, on the one hand, and barriers to the materialization of such conditions and mechanisms, on the other hand. As such, the framework moves beyond firm-centric perspectives and argues that path creation needs to be understood as a collective endeavor incorporating both firm and nonfirm actors. By implication, this necessitates an understanding of the broader contexts that shape path creation processes, including how the dynamics of an emerging path are affected by the dynamics of established paths. The authors employ this framework to analyze Norway’s offshore wind power (OWP) industry. Their analysis reveals that an initial enabling context for OWP path creation turned into more constrained conditions. Similar to findings from a number of other studies, they identify branching between related sectors as a primary path creation mechanism. However, they find that this mechanism is vulnerable to shifting contextual conditions, which for various reasons resulted in the studied emerging path losing resources and legitimacy, thus implying potential negative path interdependence. The authors also identify barriers to path creation in the institutional environment, particularly in terms of lack of policy coherence in support for key resource formation processes that are pivotal for path creation processes to generate sustained momentum.

Key words:

• path creation
• policy
• offshore wind power
• path interdependencies
• branching
• path dependence

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Asbjørn Karlsen, Arne Isaksen, Stuart Dawley, Danny MacKinnon, Robert Hassink, Michaela Trippl, Arild Aspelund, Tage Koed Madsen, and Knut Sørensen for helpful comments on earlier versions of the article. We are also grateful to Jim Murphy and three anonymous reviewers for their highly constructive criticism and suggestions. The research for this article was funded by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and research grants 209697 (CenSES—Centre for Sustainable Energy Studies) and 255400 (InNOWiC—Internationalization of Norwegian Offshore Wind Capabilities) from the Research Council of Norway.