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Articles

Global Patterns of Antioxidant-Rich Food Crops Based on Geographical Origins

Pages 947-957 | Received 18 Mar 2022, Accepted 23 Dec 2022, Published online: 05 Jul 2023
 

Abstract

We mapped antioxidant values of 118 common food crops at a global scale based on geographical origins using median oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total phenolics (TP) for twenty-three regions to evaluate broad-scale patterns. Using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Composition Database we used k-means clustering to differentiate regions based on ORAC and TP values. Latitude is positively associated with ORAC (rs = 0.51, p < 0.02) and TP (rs = 0.48, p < 0.02) with the highest values found in northeastern Europe, North America, and temperate South America. The lowest ORAC values are associated with equatorial and subtropical regions. Latitudinal differences in antioxidant properties of crops are positively associated with cold stress in the promotion of higher ORAC and TP values in colder regions. Latitudinal pattern exceptions occur in southwestern Europe where maritime conditions moderate cold stress and in the Andes where high-elevation conditions promote cold stress. Global evaluation of crop antioxidants reveals distinct geographical patterns that incorporate the long- and short-term effects of anthropogenic activity. Our findings suggest that results from smaller scale studies are operative at broader (regional-level) scales despite the influence of crop domestication and dispersal of crops across floristic boundaries.

利用23个地区粮食作物的中值抗氧化能力(ORAC)和植物总酚(TP), 我们绘制了全球118种常见粮食作物的抗氧化值, 评估了大尺度模式。采用美国农业部的食品成分数据库和k-means聚类方法, 基于ORAC和TP值对地区进行了划分。纬度与ORAC(rs=0.51, p<0.02)和TP(rs=0.48, p<0.02)呈正相关, 欧洲东北部、北美洲和温带南美洲的ORAC和TP值最高。ORAC最低值与赤道和亚热带地区有关。作物抗氧化性的纬度差异与冷压力呈正相关:寒冷地区导致较高的ORAC和TP值。纬度模式的例外包括:冷压力受到海洋条件缓解的欧洲西南部、冷应力受到高海拔加剧的安第斯山脉。对全球作物抗氧化值的评估, 揭示了各种地理模式(包括人类活动的长期和短期影响)。结果表明, 尽管小尺度研究受到作物驯化和作物跨区分布的影响, 研究成果仍可用于更大的(区域层面)尺度。

Cartografiamos los valores antioxidantes de 118 cultivos alimentarios comunes, a escala global, con base en los orígenes geográficos usando la mediana de la capacidad de absorción de radicales de oxígeno (ORAC) y los fenoles totales (TP) de veintitrés regiones, para evaluar sus patrones a gran escala. A partir de la base de datos sobre la composición de los alimentos del Departamento de Agricultura de los EE.UU., usamos el agrupamiento k-mediana para diferenciar regiones en función de los valores de ORAC y TP. La latitud resulta positivamente asociada con ORAC (rs = 0.51, p < 0.02) y TP (rs = 0.48, p < 0.02), con los valores más altos hallados en el nordeste de Europa, Norteamérica y la zona templada de Sudamérica. Los valores más bajos de ORAC están asociados con las regiones ecuatoriales y subtropicales. Las diferencias por latitud en las propiedades antioxidantes de los cultivos están positivamente asociadas con el estrés por frío en la promoción de valores más altos de ORAC y TP de las regiones más frías. Las excepciones al patrón latitudinal se presentan en el sudoeste de Europa, donde las condiciones marinas moderan el estrés por frío, y en los Andes, donde las condiciones de mayor altitud favorecen ese tipo de estrés. La evaluación global de los antioxidantes de las cosechas pone de manifiesto patrones geográficos distintos que incorporan los efectos de la actividad antropogénica a largo y corto plazos. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los resultados de estudios a escalas más pequeñas son operativos a escalas más amplias (a nivel regional), a pesar de la influencia de la domesticación de los cultivos y su dispersión por encima de las fronteras florísticas.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s site at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2023.2207632.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Gregory J. Carlton

GREGORY J. CARLTON is a Doctoral Candidate at the University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412. E-mail: [email protected]. He has broad interests in urban systems, the environment, and coupled human–environmental interactions.

Paul A. Knapp

PAUL A. KNAPP is a Professor of Geography and Director of the Carolina Tree-Ring Science Laboratory, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412. E-mail: [email protected]. His interests encompass biogeography, climatology, and dendrochronology.

Tyler J. Mitchell

TYLER J. MITCHELL is a Doctoral Candidate of Geography in the Carolina Tree-Ring Science Laboratory, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412. E-mail: [email protected]. He has interests in biogeography and dendroclimatology.

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