Toward a Theory of Exercise Motivation

Abstract

This paper examines the motivational foundations of exercise behavior. It presents a theoretical model according to which motivation is the proximal precursor of exercise, which in turn is determined by perceived constraints and situational facilitators. Values and attitudes toward exercise on one hand and knowledge about exercise and oneself on the other are distal determinants, while biological predispositions and early socialization experiences are ultimate precursors of exercise. Of particular concern is the issue about the extent to which exercise is cognitive vs. an automatic activity. It is shown that enduring goals (being fit and healthy) are directly activated by situational features and that automatic links will develop between representations of social situations and the goal. Eventually, the choice (to exercise) becomes just another routine of the mental system and is, therefore, bypassed. If an enduring goal for exercise reflects true choice, exercise becomes self-determined and intrinsically motivating and can, therefore, be maintained.