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Articles

Spatial Concentration of Industries and New Firm Exits: Does this Relationship Differ between Exits by Closure and by M&A?

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Pages 44-58 | Received 31 Mar 2011, Accepted 08 Jun 2012, Published online: 24 Oct 2012
 

Abstract

Weterings A. and Marsili O. Spatial concentration of industries and new firm exits: does this relationship differ between exits by closure and by M&A?, Regional Studies. This study shows that the effect of the spatial concentration of industries on the post-entry hazards of new firms differs by type of exit, and by industry. New firms located in regions with a higher relative concentration of firms in the same industry are less likely to exit by closing activities and more likely to exit by mergers and acquisitions (M&As). While localization economies that favour new firms' survival or a potentially successful exit through M&As are dominant in manufacturing, new firms in business services also experience increasing competition from new entrants that lowers the likelihood of survival and exit through M&As.

Weterings A. and Marsili O. 产业空间聚集与新企业退出:两者的关系在倒闭与受并购之间是否有所差异,区域研究。本研究显示,产业空间聚集对新企业进入后的危害所产生的影响,在退出方式与产业别之间存在着差异。若新企业位于同一产业的相关企业较为集中之区域,则较不可能透过关闭而退出,而较倾向透过合并与收购(M&A)退出。在地化经济虽有利于新企业的生存或成功透过并购退出的可能性,并且在制造业中属于主流,但提供商业服务的新企业却面临来自新进入者日益增加的竞争,导致降低生存与透过并购退出的可能。

Weterings A. et Marsili O. La concentration géographique des industries et l'exode des nouvelles entreprises: ce rapport, est-ce qu'il distingue le départ due à la fermeture de celle provoquée par la fusion ou par l'acquisition?, Regional Studies. Cette étude cherche à démontrer que l'impact de la concentration géographique des industries sur les dangers qu'affontrent les nouvelles entreprises après leur arrivée sur le marché varie en fonction de la méthode de départ et par industrie. Les nouvelles entreprises situées dans les régions dont la concentration relative d'entreprises de la même industrie s'avère plus élevée, sont moins susceptibles de partir suite à la fermeture des activités et sont plus susceptibles de partir suite à la fusion ou à l'acquisition. Alors que les économies de localisation qui favorisent la survie des nouvelles entreprises ou un départ qui risque de réussir suite à la fusion ou à l'acquisition, prédominent dans le secteur industriel, les nouvelles entreprises dans les services aux entreprises subissent aussi une concurrence accrue de la part des nouvelles venues sur le marché, ce qui réduit les chances de survie et d'exode suite à la fusion ou à l'acquisition.

Weterings A. und Marsili O. Räumliche Branchenkonzentration und Austritte neuer Firmen: Fällt das Verhältnis bei Firmenauflösungen anders aus als bei Fusionen und Übernahmen?, Regional Studies. Diese Studie zeigt, dass die Auswirkungen der räumlichen Branchenkonzentration auf die Gefahren für neue Firmen nach dem Markteintritt je nach Art des Firmenaustritts und der Branche unterschiedlich ausfallen. Neue Firmen in Regionen mit einer relativ höheren Konzentration von Firmen in derselben Branche treten seltener im Rahmen einer Firmenauflösung und häufiger im Rahmen von Fusionen und Übernahmen aus dem Markt aus. In produzierenden Branchen dominieren Lokalisationsökonomien, die das Überleben bzw. einen potenziell erfolgreichen Austritt von neuen Firmen im Rahmen einer Fusion oder Übernahme fördern; in den Branchen der Geschäftsdienstleistungen sind neue Firmen hingegen einer wachsenden Konkurrenz durch neue Marktteilnehmer ausgesetzt, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Überlebens bzw. eines Austritts im Rahmen einer Fusion oder Übernahme verringern.

Weterings A. y Marsili O. Concentración espacial de industrias y salidas de nuevas empresas: ¿es diferente esta relación en salidas por cierre y salidas por fusiones y adquisiciones?, Regional Studies. En ese estudio mostramos que el efecto de la concentración espacial de las industrias en lo que respecta al peligro que corren las nuevas empresas tras su creación es diferente en función del tipo de salida y de industria. Las empresas nuevas ubicadas en regiones con una concentración relativamente alta de empresas en el mismo sector tienen menos probabilidades de que acaben desapareciendo y más probabilidades de que acaben en fusiones y adquisiciones de empresas. Si bien las economías de localización que favorecen la supervivencia de nuevas empresas o una salida potencialmente exitosa en forma de fusiones y adquisiciones son dominantes en el sector manufacturero, las nuevas empresas en el sector de los servicios a empresas también experimentan un aumento de la competencia por parte de otras nuevas empresas, lo que reduce la probabilidad de supervivencia y salida en forma de fusiones y adquisiciones.

JEL classifications:

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the participants at the Dynamics of Institutions & Markets in Europe (DIME) workshop held in Utrecht, the Netherlands, on 5–7 September 2010, as well as those attending the seminar held at the Department of Strategic Management and Entrepreneurship, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 14 December 2011, for helpful comments and suggestions.

Notes

1. Due to a major reorganization of the Business Register in 2006, it is not possible to track firms after 2005.

2. The period of observation (1994–2005) overlaps with what is known as the fifth merger wave (since 1900) with its rising tide in 1995–2000, and it sees the beginning of the sixth wave that started to appear in 2004 (Schenk, Citation2007). The empirical analysis controls for changing conditions in aggregate (and regional) growth over time, which are considered main determinants of the occurrence of merger waves (Buehler et al., Citation2006).

3. Contrary to Wennberg and Lindqvist Citation(2010), the employment in the industry in the region is not included because the number of firms in the region is more likely to capture the effect of both competition between firms and agglomeration economies because these follow from external economies of scale (learning between firms, job mobility).

4. LQ =  N i j / j N i j i N i j / i j N i j where N is the number of firms; i is region; and j is industry.

5. The descriptive statistics are calculated as the means of current values per year over the whole period of observation (1994–2005) with the exception of the spin-off variable, which is defined at the time of entry.

6. Plots of the log odds ratios of the probabilities to exit by closure and by M&A (with respect to the survival probability) as a function of firm size are available from the authors on request.

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