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Original Articles

Determining the effects of open innovation: the role of knowledge and geographical spillovers

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Pages 632-644 | Received 31 Mar 2016, Published online: 28 Nov 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Determining the effects of open innovation: the role of knowledge and geographical spillovers. Regional Studies. This paper examines the influence of open-innovation strategies and knowledge spillovers on innovative performance on a large sample of Spanish manufacturing firms during 1998–2013. Although most open-innovation strategies positively influence innovation, some differences are found depending on the search innovative strategy: technological collaboration with universities, providers, and external research and development (R&D) advice have a positive effect, while collaborations with customers and competitors are not significant. Finally, the paper confirms the positive effects of involuntary knowledge spillovers only for product innovation and of R&D neighbours in the same sector; and the negative effect of R&D neighbours in other sectors.

摘要

确认开放式创新的效应:知识与地理外溢的角色。Regional Studies. 本文检视1998年至2013年期间西班牙製造业的大量样本中,开放式创新策略与知识外溢对创新表现的影响。尽管大多数的开放式创新策略对创新有正面影响,仍可发现取决于研究创新策略的若干差异:与大学、提供者和外部研究发展(R&D)建议的技术合作,具有正面影响,而与客户和竞争者的合作之影响则不显着。最后,本研究确认了非自愿的知识外溢仅对生产创新具有正面影响,以及在相同部门中R&D邻里的正面影响与在其他部门中R&D邻里的负面影响。

RÉSUMÉ

Déterminer les effets de l’innovation partagée: le rôle des retombées de la connaissance et de la géographie. Regional Studies. À partir d’un échantillon d’entreprises industrielles espagnoles suffisamment important, ce présent article cherche à examiner l’influence des stratégies d’innovation partagée et des retombées de connaissance sur leur performance innovatrice entre 1998 et 2013. Bien que la plupart des stratégies d’innovation partagée influent de manière positive sur l’innovation, il s’avere certaines différences en fonction de la stratégie de recherche en matière d’innovation: la collaboration technologique auprès des universités, des fournisseurs, et des conseils recherche et développement (R&D) externalisés a un effet positif, alors que la collaboration auprès des clients et des concurrents n’est pas significatif. Pour conclure, on confirme l’effet positif des retombées de connaissance involontaires quant à l’innovation de produit, et l’effet positif des voisins R&D du même secteur d’activité et l’effet négatif des voisins R&D dans d’autres secteurs.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Ermittlung der Auswirkungen von offener Innovation: die Rolle von Wissens- und geografischen Übertragungseffekten. Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir anhand einer umfangreichen Stichprobe von spanischen produzierenden Firmen im Zeitraum von 1998 bis 2013 den Einfluss von Strategien für offene Innovation und von Wissensübertragungen auf die innovative Leistung. Die meisten Strategien für offene Innovation wirken sich positiv auf die Innovation aus, doch je nach der innovativen Suchstrategie finden sich einige Unterschiede: die technische Zusammenarbeit mit Hochschulen, Anbietern und externen Beratern für Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) wirkt sich positiv aus, doch die Zusammenarbeit mit Kunden und Konkurrenten ist nicht signifikant. Ebenso werden eine positive Auswirkung von unbeabsichtigten Wissensübertragungen – allerdings nur im Bereich der Produktinnovation –, eine positive Auswirkung von F&E-Nachbarn im selben Sektor und eine negative Auswirkung von F&E-Nachbarn in anderen Sektoren festgestellt.

RESUMEN

Análisis de los efectos de la innovación abierta: el papel de la difusión de conocimiento y las repercusiones geográficas. Regional Studies. En este artículo analizamos la influencia de las estrategias de innovación abierta y la difusión de conocimiento en el desempeño de innovación en una amplia muestra de empresas manufactureras españolas entre 1998 y 2013. Aunque la mayoría de estrategias de innovación abierta influyen positivamente en la innovación, se observan algunas diferencias en función de la estrategia de innovación buscada: la colaboración tecnológica con universidades, proveedores y el asesoramiento externo de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) tienen un efecto positivo mientras que las colaboraciones con clientes y competidores no son significativos. Para terminar, se confirman un efecto positivo de la difusión de conocimiento involuntaria solamente para la innovación de productos, un efecto positivo de vecinos de I+D en el mismo sector y un efecto negativo de vecinos de I+D en otros sectores.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the suggestions of the editor and three anonymous reviewers for help in improving this paper.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1395004.

Notes

1. As far as we know, Teirlinck and Spithoven (Citation2008) is the only study to consider open innovation and external knowledge relations in the spatial organization of innovation, but these authors do not have a panel data of firms and pay special attention to the influence of urban structure.

2. In this regard, there are numerous contributions confirming the positive effect of related variety on knowledge spillovers and regional growth (i.e., Frenken et al., Citation2007, for the Netherlands; or Boschma, Minondo, & Navarro, Citation2012, for Spain). However, our aim is to analyze the influence of regional knowledge spillovers by taking into account the related and unrelated variety of knowledge on innovation at the firm level, and not at the regional level.

3. A definition, descriptive statistics and correlation matrix of variables are included in Appendix A in the supplemental data online.

4. A Wooldridge-correction procedure specifies the functional form of the conditional mean of the individual effects, but, however, it does not impose distributional assumptions about the error terms and the individual effects assuming that covariates are equal to zero. However, as noted by Wooldridge (Citation2005), conditional normal distributions are undertaken in most of the econometrical studies.

5. Since OI practices could also generate new ideas and technological advance and, thus, unintended knowledge transfer showing a potential causal relationship between OI and knowledge spillovers, we also considered the interaction between breadth and each type of knowledge spillover as an explanatory variable. All the coefficients remain constant, but neither interaction is significant. Results are available from the authors upon request.

Additional information

Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [grant number ECO2015-70262-R], the University of Castilla-La Mancha [grant number GI20174083] and the government of Castilla-La Mancha and European Social Fund [grant number SBPLY/16/180501/000486].

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