Elemental profiling of toxic and modern primers using ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, and XPS: an application in firearm discharge residue investigation

ABSTRACT

The characterization of firearm discharge residue (FDR) as a piece of evidence plays an essential role in interpreting the forensic cases involving the use of firearms, such as robberies, murders, suicides, and serious attacks. In the last decade, modern or non-toxic primers have emerged due to environmental issues. Forensic examination of gunshot residue (GSR) has become challenging as primer compositions now vary greatly. The goal of this paper is to provide the elemental profiling of both toxic and lead-free cartridge primers available in the Turkish ammunition market. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used in this investigation. Multivariate statistical methodologies such as principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) analysis were used to interpret the elemental profile data determined in the residue generated after ignition of the cartridge primers. Three components were observed: Ba-Sb-Pb-Cu-Gd, Ti-Sr-Zn, and Al-Ca-Ga, which is also consistent with the PCC analysis. SEM-EDS was employed to confirm the existence of GSR particles. The binding energies, determined using XPS, indicated the chemical state assignments in samples such as Pb(NO₃)₂, Sb₂S₃, Ba(NO₃)₂, CuO, ZnO and MoS₂. This research will improve the robustness of the interpretation of GSR-related evidence.

KEYWORDS:

• Gunshot residue
• ICP-MS
• forensic chemistry
• SEM-EDS
• XPS
• principal component analysis

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Turaç Ammunition Factory Administration for their hospitality and help throughout the sample collection procedure. The authors are also thankful to Dr. Fikret Ustaoğlu for his assistance in conducting the multivariate statistical tests.

Credit author statement

Bayram Yüksel, Writing – original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Project administration. Nilgün Şen, Investigation, Data curation, Validation. Gokhan Ibrahim Ogunc, Resources, Investigation, Visualization. Ayşegül Erdoğan, Formal analysis, Validation.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This study was financially supported by Giresun University Scientific Research Unit [Fund Number: FEN-BAP-A-270220-40].