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ABSTRACT
Background: Research has established a connection between substance use and criminal activity, but much less is known about the association between posttreatment relapse and related contact with the criminal justice system. Objective: The current study was designed to elucidate this relationship by examining the long-term effects of relapse on arrest. The study also investigated the probability of relapse into substance use as it followed an arrest. Method: Data from 5,822 adults who participated in the Comprehensive Assessment and Treatment Outcome Research (CATOR) system were analyzed. This prospective longitudinal research design included 0–6, 6–12, 12–18, and 18–24 month follow-up data. Results: A series of logistic regression analyses indicated that relapse was associated with posttreatment arrest within the observed follow-up period, but did not significantly influence the likelihood of arrest in future follow-up periods. In comparison, posttreatment arrest in the 6–12 month follow-up period had lasting effects for relapse to substance use in the 12–18 and 18–24 month periods. Arrest in the 0–6 month posttreatment period was also associated with increased risk for relapse in the 18–24 month period. Conclusions: Given the evidence that demonstrated within follow-up period associations between relapse and arrest, relapse prevention is critical to preventing contact with the criminal justice system. In addition, the lasting impact of an arrest must be mitigated to maintain posttreatment recovery from substance use for adults who come into contact with the criminal justice system.