Factors associated with the absence of cocaine craving in treatment-seeking individuals during inpatient cocaine detoxification

ABSTRACT

Background

Anecdotal evidence suggests a substantial proportion of individuals with cocaine use disorder do not report craving during inpatient detoxification.

Objective

To examine prevalence and clinical correlates of consistent absence of cocaine craving among inpatients during detoxification. We hypothesized that craving absence would be associated with less severity of cocaine use, depression, and anxiety. Alternative explanations were also explored.

Methods

Craving absence (i.e., non-cravers) was defined as a daily score of zero across two separate craving visual analogue scales in each of the inpatient days. Participants scoring ≥1 on ≥1 day were considered cravers. Severity of cocaine use disorder as well as in-treatment depression and anxiety were assessed. Alternative contributors included presence of cocaine and other substances in urine at admission, in-treatment prescription of psychotropic medications, treatment motivation, executive function, interoception, and social desirability.

Results

Eighty-seven participants (78.2% males) met criteria as either non-cravers (n = 29; 33.3%) or cravers (n = 58; 66.7%). Mean length of admission in non-cravers and cravers was, respectively, 10.83 and 13.16 days. Binary logistic regression model showed that non-cravers scored significantly lower than cravers on cocaine use during last month before treatment (OR, 95% CI; 0.902, 0.839–0.970), in-treatment depression (OR, 95% CI; 0.794, 0.659–0.956), and in-treatment prescribing of antipsychotics (OR, 95% CI; 0.109, 0.014–0.823). Model prediction accuracy was 88.9%.

Conclusions

One in three patients undergoing inpatient detoxification experienced absence of craving, linked to less pretreatment cocaine use, better mood, and decreased administration of antipsychotics. Findings may inform pretreatment strategies and improve treatment cost-effectiveness.

Keywords:

• Cocaine
• craving course
• urge
• withdrawal
• depression
• antipsychotics

Declarations of interest

The authors report no relevant disclosures.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities) through Grant PI12/00105 from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria and the RETICS (Red de Trastornos Adictivos) Program.