Changes of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen with Cover Crops and Irrigation in a Tomato Field

ABSTRACT

In order to understand how soil microbial biomass was influenced by incorporated residues of summer cover crops and by water regimes, soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were investigated in tomato field plots in which three leguminous and a non-leguminous cover crop had been grown and incorporated into the soil. The cover crops were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L., cv ‘Tropic Sun’), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, cv ‘Iron clay’), velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr.), and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense (Piper) Stapf) vs. a fallow (bare soil). The tomato crop was irrigated at four different rates, i.e., irrigation initiated only when the water tension had reached −5, −10, −20, or −30 kPa, respectively. The results showed that sorghum sudangrass, cowpea, sunn hemp, and velvetbean increased microbial biomass C by 68.9%, 89.8%, 116.8%, and 137.7%, and microbial N by 58.3%, 100.0%, 297.3%, and 261.3%, respectively. A legume cover crop, cowpea, had no statistically significant greater effect on soil microbial C and N than the non-legume cover crop, sorghum sudangrass. The tropical legumes, velvetbean and sunn hemp, increased the microbial biomass N markedly. However, the various irrigation rates did not cause significant changes in either microbial N or microbial C. Soil microbial biomass was strongly related to the N concentration and/or the inverse of the C:N ratio of the cover crops and in the soil. Tomato plant biomass and tomato fruit yields correlated well with the level of soil microbial N and inversely with the soil C:N ratio. These results suggest that cover crops increase soil microbiological biomass through the decomposition of organic C. Legumes are more effective than non-legumes, because they contain larger quantities of N and lower C:N ratios than non-legumes.

Keywords::

• cover crops
• irrigation
• microbial biomass
• organic carbon
• nitrogen
• tomato
• calcareous soil

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Renuka Rao and Mrs. Li Ma for assistance in the preparation and analysis of the soil samples, and Dr. Herbert H. Bryan for helping to collect cover crop biomass samples. This research was supported by the Agricultural Research Service (Specific Cooperative Agreement No. 58-1265-1-034) and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

Notes

∗Means in each column followed by same letters represent no significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.

∗Abbreviations: Corg—organic C, Ntot—total N, Cmic—microbial C, Nmic—microbial N.

∗∗Means in each column followed by same letters are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05.

∗Means in each column followed by same letters represent no significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.