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ABSTRACT
Since the last decade, significant developments have been made in the area of bone tissue engineering associated with the emergence of novel biomaterials as well as techniques of scaffold fabrication. Despite all these developments, the translation from research findings to clinical applications is still very limited. Manufacturing the designed tissue constructs in a scalable manner remains the most challenging aspect. This bottleneck could be overcome by using bioreactors for the manufacture of these tissue constructs. In this review, a current scenario of bone injuries/defects and the cause of the translational gap between laboratory research and clinical use has been emphasized. Furthermore, various bioreactors being used in the area of bone tissue regeneration in recent studies have been highlighted along with their advantages and limitations. A vivid literature survey on the ideal attributes of bioreactors has been accounted, viz. dynamic, versatile, automated, reproducible and commercialization aspects. Additionally, the illustration of computational approaches that should be combined with bone tissue engineering experiments using bioreactors to simulate and optimize cellular growth in bone tissue constructs has also been done extensively.
Acknowledgements
Darshna would like to thank CSIR-India for senior research fellowship (File No.: 09/1217(0071)/2019-EMR-I). Rahul Kumar thanks IIT(BHU) for providing institute fellowship. Pranjal Chandra thanks the Director, IIT(BHU), Varanasi for providing necessary facility for completion of this work.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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Notes on contributors
Darshna
Darshna has received her M.Tech. in Bioinformatics from the Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology-Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. She is currently pursuing PhD from the School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. Her research interest includes nanobioengineering, tissue engineering, and biosensors.
Rahul Kumar
Rahul Kumar has received his Ph.D from the School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. His research interest includes cancer theranostics and targeted drug delivery.
Pradeep Srivastava
Dr. Pradeep Srivastava is currently employed as executive director at Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (DST), New Delhi, India. He is a professor and ex-chair of the School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. His research focus is microbial engineering, Bioreactor Kinetics, Modelling & Scaleup, Downstream Processing, Recombinant Proteins, Drug Delivery Techniques, Tissue Engineering, and IPR and Technology Transfer. He has published more than 100 publications in reputed journals. He is also an editorial member and recipient of many honours and awards.
Pranjal Chandra
Dr. Pranjal Chandra is currently employed as an Associate Professor at the School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. His research focus is highly interdisciplinary, spanning a wide range in biotechnology, nanobiosensors, material engineering, nanomedicine etc. He has published 17 books on various aspects of biosensors / medical diagnostics from IET London, Springer Nature, CRC press USA, Elsevier. He has also published over 129 journal articles in topmost journals of his research area. He has designed several commercially viable biosensing prototypes that can be operated for onsite analysis for biomedical diagnostics. He is recipient of many prestigious awards, coveted honours, and fellowships.