Electrochemical performance of one-pot hydrothermal-derived bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon/graphite composite

Abstract

Bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon/graphite composite was successfully synthesised using the hydrothermal method with time variations and characterisation using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray mapping, Gas Sorption Analyzer, and battery performance tests including analysis of electrical conductivity, charge–discharge, and cyclic voltammetry. The formation of bismuth oxide is indicated by the presence of Bi-O and Bi-O-Bi groups and the presence of α-Bi₂O₃ crystal structure. In addition, based on SEM mapping, bismuth oxide particle is well distributed on the composite having rod-like shape morphology. The best electrochemical behaviour is shown by composite synthesised longer that is 1.35 × 10⁻² S.m⁻¹, 285.882 mAhg^-1, 131.745 mAhg⁻¹ for electrical conductivity, charge specific capacity, and discharge specific capacity, respectively. These results open a way for the composite as Li-ion battery anode.

KEYWORDS:

• Anode
• bismuth oxide
• graphite
• activated carbon
• composite

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Diponegoro University Research and Community Service Institute (LPPM) for the non-state budget funding source provided through the Diponegoro University World Class Research program (WCRU) 2021-2023.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Universitas Diponegoro through Diponegoro University Research and Community Service Institute (LPPM) [grant number: 118-12/UN7.6.1/PP/2022].