Between a Rock and a Hard Place? Internal–External Legitimacy Tensions and EU Foreign Policy in the European Periphery

Abstract

In the wider EU periphery, the effectiveness of EU policy is dependent on external perceptions of EU legitimacy and the local resonance of EU norms. However, the EU often faces tensions between the internal legitimacy demanded by key non-state actors within the EU and the external legitimacy needed for the effective export of policy — leaving the EU caught at times between internal legitimacy and external effectiveness. Furthermore, these tensions are often the product of ‘antagonistic’ relationships between European transnational actors and third-party states. These legitimacy tensions, and the antagonistic relationships which exacerbate them, help to explain how legitimacy plays an important role in both the ‘capability-expectations’ and the ‘normativity-outcomes’ gaps that are said to afflict EU foreign policy. This article seeks to provide a conceptually rich discussion of these legitimacy tensions and present empirical examples through a case study on the issue of human rights and democracy in Central Asia.

Key Words:

• Legitimacy
• EU foreign policy
• Central Asia
• EU periphery

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. Interview — NGO Human Rights and Democracy Advocacy Officer, 2012.

2. Interview — NGO Human Rights and Democracy Advocacy Officer, 2012.

3. Interview (a) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

4. Interview (a) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

5. Interview (a) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

6. Interview (a) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

7. Interview (a) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

8. Interview (a) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

9. Interview (b) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

10. Interview — NGO Human Rights and Democracy Advocacy Officer, 2012.

11. Interview (b) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

12. Interview (b) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

13. Interview (b) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

14. Interview — NGO Human Rights and Democracy Advocacy Officer, 2012.

15. Interview (b) — Former Kazakh Government Official, 2012.

16. Interview EU Official (a), 2012.

17. Interview EU Official (a), 2012.

18. Interview EU Official (a), 2012.

19. Interview EU Official (a), 2012.

20. Interview EU Official (a), 2012.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by a PhD bursary from the Economic and Social Research Council held at the University of Portsmouth. This work was also in part drafted with the support of a post-doctoral fellowship at the Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) “The Transformative Power of Europe,” hosted at the Freie Universität Berlin. The KFG is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and brings together research on the diffusion of ideas in the EU’s internal and external relations. For further information please consult www.transformeurope.eu.