Multi-spectroscopic, thermodynamic and molecular simulation studies on binding of pyrroloquinoline quinone with DNA: coexistence of intercalation and groove binding modes

Abstract

The interaction between enzyme-like pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been investigated by means of multi-spectroscopic (UV-Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism), isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC), viscometry and molecular docking and metadynamics simulation techniques. Absorption spectral data suggested the formation of a PQQ/CT-DNA complex, which quenched the fluorescence of PQQ via the dynamic quenching process. The results of CD spectral studies coupled with viscosity measurements, competitive binding assays with Hoechst 33258 and ethidium bromide (EB), KI quenching experiments, gel electrophoresis and DNA melting studies indicated groove binding mode of interaction of PQQ with CT-DNA. ITC experiment revealed that the complex formation is a spontaneous process (ΔG^o < 0) with a binding constant of 1.05 × 10⁴ M⁻¹. The observed ΔH^o < 0 and ΔS^o < 0 pointed out that the complex is stabilized by van der Waals forces along with H-bonding interactions. The outcomes of molecular docking and simulation studies confirmed the binding of PQQ with DNA. The free energy surface (FES) analysis pointed out the existence of an equilibrium between partial intercalation and groove binding modes, which is in good agreement with the competitive binding assays.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• DNA
• PQQ
• groove binding
• ITC
• molecular simulation

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur for providing the ITC facility.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.