Design and construction of novel pyridine-pyrimidine hybrids as selective COX-2 suppressors: anti-inflammatory potential, ulcerogenic profile, molecular modeling and ADME/Tox studies

Abstract

NSAIDs represent a mainstay in pain and inflammation suppression, and their actions are mainly based on inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

Due to the adverse effects of these drugs, especially on the stomach and heart, scientists efforts have been directed to manufacture selective COX-2 without cardiovascular side effects and with minimal effects on the stomach. The cardiovascular side effects are thought to be related to the chemical composition rather than mechanism of action of these drugs.

Novel pyridopyrimidines, 9a-j, were prepared and their chemical structures were confirmed by NMR, mass and IR Spectra, and elemental analysis. The effect of the 9a-j compounds on COX-1 and COX-2 was assessed and it was found that 2-hydrazino-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3H-pyrido[2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-one (9d) was the most potent COX-2 inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 0.54 uM) compared to celecoxib (IC₅₀ = 1.11 uM) with selectivity indices of 6.56 and 5.12, respectively.

The in vivo inhibition of paw edema of novel compounds 9a-j was measured using carrageenan-induced paw edema method, and that 2-hydrazino-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3H-pyrido[2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-one (9d) showed the best inhibitory activity in comparison with the other compounds and celecoxib.

The gastroprotective effect of the potent derivatives 9d, 9e, 9f, 9 g and 9h was investigated. 2-Hydrazino-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3H-pyrido[2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-one (9d) and 7-(chlorophenyl)-hydrazino-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-pyrido[2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-one (9e) showed ulcer indices comparable to celecoxib (1 and 0.5 vs 0.5, respectively). Docking studies were carried out and they confirmed the mechanistic action of the designed compounds

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• COXs inhibitors
• anti-inflammatory
• celecoxib
• NSAIDs
• pyridopyrimidines

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University, Saudi Arabia through a research grant group to ME Shaker (DSR-2022-RG-0149).