Development of a highly sensitive fluorescent probe using Delonix regia (Gulmohar) tree pod shell for precise sarcosine detection in human urine samples: advancing prostate cancer diagnosis

Abstract

We designed a highly sensitive fluorescent sensor for the early detection of sarcosine, a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. This sensor was based on surface-cobalt-doped fluorescent carbon quantum dots (Co-CD) using a FRET-based photoluminescent sensing platform. Blue luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQD) were synthesised through a hydrothermal approach, utilizing Delonix regia tree pod shells. Cobalt was employed to functionalize the CQD, enhancing the quantum-entrapped effects and minimizing surface flaws. To optimize Co-CD preparation, we employed a Box-Behnken design (BBD), and response surface methodology (RSM) based on single-factor experiments. The Co-CD was then used as a fluorescent probe for selective Cu²⁺ detection, with Cu²⁺ quenching Co-CD fluorescence through an energy transfer process, referred to as ‘turn-off’. When sarcosine was introduced, the fluorescence intensity of Co-CD was restored, creating a ‘turn-on’ response. The sensor exhibited a Cu²⁺ detection limit (LOD) of 2.4 µM with a linear range of 0 μM to 10 µM. The sarcosine detection in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) resulted in an LOD of 1.54 μM and a linear range of 0 to 10 µM. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated its suitability for clinical analysis by detecting sarcosine in human urine. In summary, our rapid and highly sensitive sensor offers a novel approach for the detection of sarcosine in real samples, facilitating early prostate cancer diagnosis.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Cobalt-doped carbon dots
• fluorescence resonance energy transfer
• sarcosine
• fluorescence sensor
• prostate cancer diagnosis

Acknowledgements

The H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra, India - 425 405 has our sincere gratitude to provide the facilities that were required. We appreciate high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and SEM-EDX studies STIC Cochin India different and other crucial characterization tools.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).