Study on the mechanism of glucocorticoid receptor mitochondrial translocation and glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in macrophages

Abstract

Objective

Our research aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Tubastatin-A, a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mitochondrial translocation inhibitor, and mitoquinone (MitoQ), an antioxidant, on attenuating dexamethasone (DEX)-induced macrophage apoptosis.

Methods

We treated RAW264.7 macrophages with different combinations of DEX and either Tubastatin-A or MitoQ. Parameters such as mitochondrial GR translocation, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, cytochrome C efflux to the cytosol, and apoptosis were subsequently evaluated in the different treatment groups via qRT–PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays.

Results

DEX intervention increased the translocation of GRs into the mitochondria, while reducing the expression of the mitochondrial gene MT-CO1 and the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV in macrophages. In addition, DEX administration increased mtROS levels, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and mitochondrial cytochrome C release in macrophages, which promoted their apoptosis. We found that Tubastatin-A inhibited mitochondrial GR translocation and reversed the DEX-induced increase in GR levels within the mitochondria. Furthermore, Tubastatin-A mitigated various mitochondrial changes induced by DEX, including reducing the efflux of mitochondrial cytochrome C and inhibiting macrophage apoptosis. Similarly, MitoQ exerted its effects on macrophage apoptosis by reducing mtROS levels through the mitochondrial pathway.

Conclusions

The DEX-mediated translocation of GR into mitochondria disrupts the mitochondrial function of macrophages, which induces their apoptosis. By inhibiting mitochondrial translocation of GR and reducing mtROS levels, Tubastatin-A and MitoQ can effectively attenuate macrophage apoptosis, which has clinical implications for reducing the notable side effects associated with glucocorticoid use.

Keywords:

• Apoptosis
• mitochondrial translocation
• glucocorticoid receptors
• Tubastatin-A
• dexamethasone

Author contributions

Xiaoqing Zhao (data harvesting/draft writing/editing), Xinglan Huang (draft writing/editing/experimental design), Caifeng Huang(data harvesting), Xingrong Wan(data harvesting), Yuqi Yang(data harvesting), Ruonan Dang(data harvesting), Suiying Zhang(data harvesting), Yuqiong Deng(data harvesting), Peng Yan(data harvesting), Yiye Zhou (manuscript reviewing), Ping Fan (manuscript reviewing), Xiping Cheng(experimental design/manuscript reviewing).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant NO. 81673983 and 82074172) and the Zhong Nanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province (ZNSA-2020013).