https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-1994
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Abstract
In this work, microwave frequency measurement (MFM) is reviewed since the early stages using fully analog implementations, including its evolution to analog/digital implementations with high resolutions up to 1 MHz. The review includes fully digital implementations and microwave photonics techniques, with a discussion on achieved devices and the overall field of measuring and identifying unknown signals. Several microwave planar devices such as interferometers, filters, and frequency selective surfaces have been proposed to design low-cost and low-power digital MFM systems. The planar devices presented here show resolutions from 1 MHz to 940 MHz and operate in the frequency range from 0.15 GHz to 11.5 GHz, having typical bandwidths from 1 GHz to 2 GHz. MFM using microwave photonics techniques involve mapping the microwave signal into the optical spectrum to create a frequency-power function, that uniquely identifies the frequency of the unknown signal, with large bandwidths and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Correction Statement
This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
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Notes on contributors
C. P. do N. Silva
Dr C. P. do N. Silva received her Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) in 2020 with a focus on the design, manufacture, and tests of active and passive microwave circuits for frequency identification and sensor devices. In 2018, she spent one year in Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Spain, as a Ph.D. internship. From 2019 up to now, she has participated to a R&D project at the UFPE to develop a smart antenna system. She obtained the M.Sc. and BSc. degrees in Electrical/Electronic Engineering also from UFPE. Her M.Sc. was with an emphasis on the development of passive microwave devices. During her undergraduate studies, she joined the Microwave Laboratory at UFPE to participate in a program of scientific initiation from 2009 to 2012. Since then, she has participated in research projects and contributed to national and international publications in this laboratory. Her interests include active and passive microwave devices, filters, antennas, beamforming, and sensors.
Moisés I. Espinosa-Espinosa
Dr Moisés I. Espinosa-Espinosa received both a B.Sc diploma and an M.Sc degree in Communication and Electronics Engineering from Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (ESIME) of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), México. Additionally, he also received a Ph.D. in communications engineering from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain, in 2011. Since 2018, he has been working in the semi-anechoic chamber laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences at Universidad Autónoma Nacional de México (UNAM). His main areas of expertise are Microwave Systems, millimeter-wave system designs up to 75 GHz, fixed and reconfigurable designs/applications of RF-MEMS microdevices, and antenna designs for satellites, 5G, and IoT applications. Since 2011, he has also focused on consulting, designing, and troubleshooting in the areas of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), and Signal Integrity (SI) for communications, industry, and scientific/medical applications.
Ignacio Llamas-Garro
Dr Ignacio Llamas-Garro is an expert in the field of device engineering and implementation from design to fabrication and testing, applied to wireless communications and sensors, including RF and microwave circuits, reconfigurable designs using microelectromechanical systems and semiconductor diode-based components. Micromachined devices, 3D printing of microwave passive components, inkjet printing of planar circuits and sensors, and micro/nano fabricated optical sensors for the detection of hazardous liquids and gases. Ignacio Llamas-Garro obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom in 2003, and has been with the CTTC since 2010.
Jung-Mu Kim
Prof. Jung-Mu Kim was born in Jeonju, Korea, in 1977. He received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, in 2000, the M.S. and PhD degrees in electrical engineering and computer science from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 2002 and 2007, respectively. From 2007 to 2008, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at University of California, San Diego. In 2008, he joined the faculty of the Division of Electronic Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, where he is currently a full professor. His research interests include the IMU, SPR sensor, RF MEMS for 5G and ink‐jet printing and 3D printing‐based printed electronics.
M. T. de Melo
Prof. M. T. de Melo has completed undergraduate degree in Physics from the Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Brazil, in 1983. Continuing his studies at the same University he received the M.Sc. degree also in Physics in 1992, where his dissertation focused on Microwave Absorption on Superconducting Samples. In 1997, he received the Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Birmingham University, England, where his thesis focused on High Temperature Superconducting Devices. In 1999, he joined the Department of Electronic and Systems, UFPE. During 2012–2013 he also had the position of Visiting Professor at Imperial College London, Electrical and Electronic Engineer Dep. He is now Visiting Professor at CTTC (Centre Tecnólogic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya)-Barcelona-Spain. He became full Professor of the UFPE in 2019. He was able to contribute to attracting more than 9 million dollars in research and development projects, involving government funding agencies and also (mainly) national and international companies. He has 180 published works, among Journal papers, Conference papers, books, book chapters and patents. He was the General Chair of the 2015 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronic Conference. He is IEEE senior member since 2020 and IEEE MTT-S Chapter Chair - Bahia Section. He will be Co-Chair of 2023 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronic Conference which will take place in Barcelona (already approved by SBMO). His present research interests include the design and fabrication of coplanar structures in microwave frequencies, like resonator, power divider, filter, delay line, instantaneous frequency measurement systems, microsatellites, neural network, measurement of dielectric properties of novel materials for microwave applications, frequency selective surface, micromachined technique and also terahertz device applications.