Introducing a forced-choice recognition task to the California Verbal Learning Test – Children’s Version

ABSTRACT

The importance of performance validity tests (PVTs) is increasingly recognized in pediatric neuropsychology. To date, research has focused on investigating whether PVTs designed for adults function similarly in children. The downward extension of adult cutoffs is counter-intuitive considering the robust effect of age-related changes in basic cognitive skills in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the signal detection properties of a forced-choice recognition trial (FCR-C) for the California Verbal Learning Test – Children’s Version. A total of 72 children aged 6–15 years (M = 11.1 , SD = 2.6) completed the FCR-C as part of a larger neuropsychological assessment battery. Cross-validation analyses revealed that the FCR-C had good signal detection performance against reference PVTs. The first level of failure (≤14/15) produced the best combination of overall sensitivity (.31) and specificity (.87). A more conservative FCR-C cutoff (≤13) resulted in a predictable trade-off between sensitivity (.15) and specificity (.94), but also a net loss in discriminant power. Lowering the cutoff to ≤12 resulted in a slight improvement in specificity (.97) but further deterioration in sensitivity (.14). These preliminary findings suggest that the FCR-C has the potential to become the newest addition to a growing arsenal of pediatric PVTs.

KEYWORDS:

• CVLT-C
• performance validity testing
• embedded validity indicators
• pediatric PVTs
• effort testing

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Art Maerlender, Matt Holcomb, and Courtney Condiracci for fostering an intellectual climate where ideas can germinate and mature. We are also grateful to Dean Delis and Beth Ober for their encouragement and support.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.