Genetic diversity and population structure of Androctonus crassicauda (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in different ecogeographical regions of Saudi Arabia and Iran

Abstract

The genetic structure of four populations of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) from different ecogeographical regions of Saudi Arabia was studied. To detect genetic differences among populations, the sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of 21 individuals of A. crassicauda from Saudi Arabia, and 11 sequences from Iran were utilised. The nucleotide and haplotype diversity were constructed. The results revealed a high level of haplotype and nucleotide diversity within all populations. A total of eighteen haplotypes were identified, 17 of which were unique. Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) indicated a high genetic diversity reflecting differences between the populations. Fixation indices revealed significant genetic structure among all populations from Saudi Arabia and Iran. Also, the phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network analyses show the existence of three distinct clusters of A. crassicauda in Saudi Arabia and Iran.

Keywords:

• Phylogeography
• population structure
• population genetics
• mtDNA
• COI genetic barcode

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the Project number UB-46-1442. Also, many thanks to Prof. Dr. Khaled Mohammed-Geba, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt, for reviewing this article and for providing valuable suggestions. Our thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. Philip J. Senter for editing the manuscript.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, grant number UB-46-144, and the APC was funded by the same project.