Genetic diversity and population structure of Androctonus crassicauda (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in different ecogeographical regions of Saudi Arabia and Iran

References

• Abed, A. M., & Yaghan, R. (2000). On the paleoclimate of Jordan during the last glacial maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160, 23–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani, A. R., & Badry, A. (2020). Interspecific phylogenetic relationship among different species of the genus Buthacus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) inferred from 16S rRNA in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Zoology in the Middle East, 66, 178–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani, A. R., & Badry, A. (2021). A contribution to the scorpion fauna of Saudi Arabia, with an identification key (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Journal of King Saud University-Science, 101396.
   Google Scholar
• Amr, Z. S., Abu Baker, M. A., Al-Saraireh, M., & Warrell, D. A. (2021). Scorpions and scorpion sting envenoming (scorpionism) in the Arab countries of the Middle East. Toxicon, 191, 83– 103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avise, J. (2000). Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Ben Othmen, A., Said, K., Mahamdallie, S. S., Testa, J. M., Haouas, Z., & Ready, P. D. (2009). Phylogeography of Androctonus species (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Tunisia: diagnostic characters for linking species to scorpionism. Acta Tropica, 112, 77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson, R. W., Prendini, L., Savary, W. E., & Pearman, P. B. (2014). Caves as microrefugia: Pleistocene phylogeography of the troglophilic North American scorpion Pseudouroctonus reddelli. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson, R. W. (Jr.), Riddle, B. R., Graham, M. R., Smith, B. T., & Prendini, L. (2013). As old as the hills: montane scorpions in southwestern North America reveal ancient associations between biotic diversification and landscape history. PLoS One, 8, e52822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chippaux, J. P., & Goyffon, M. (2008). Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal. Acta Tropica, 107, 71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, P., Sousa, P., Harris, D. J., & van der Meijden, A. J. A. T. (2014). Deep intraspecific divergences in the medically relevant fat-tailed scorpions (Androctonus, Scorpiones). Acta Tropica, 134, 43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crucitti, P. (1999). The scorpions of Anatolia: biogeographical patterns. Biogeographia–The Journal of Integrative Biogeography, 20, 81–94.
   Google Scholar
• Darling, J. A., Reitzel, A. M., & Finnerty, J. R. (2004). Regional population structure of a widely introduced estuarine invertebrate: Nematostella vectensis Stephenson in New England. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2969–2981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier, L., & Lischer, H. E. (2010). Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10, 564–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier, L., Foll, M., & Petit, R. J. (2009). Genetic consequences of range expansions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 40, 481–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fet, V., Sissom, W. D., Lowe, G., & Braunwalder, M. E. (2000). Catalog of the scorpions of the world (1758-1998). New York: New York Entomological Society.
   Google Scholar
• Folmer, O., Black, M. B., Hoch, W., Lutz, R. A., Vrijehock, R. C., (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Froufe, E., Sousa, P., Alves, P. C., & Harris, D. J. (2008). Genetic diversity within Scorpio maurus (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) from Morocco: Preliminary evidence based on CO1 mitochondrial DNA sequences. Biologia, 63, 1157–1160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, Y. X. (1997). Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics, 147, 915–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, Y. X., & Li, W. H. (1993). Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations. Genetics, 133, 693–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantenbein, B., & Largiadèr, C. R. (2003). The phylogeographic importance of the Strait of Gibraltar as a gene flow barrier in terrestrial arthropods: a case study with the scorpion Buthus occitanus as model organism. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28, 119–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, M. R., Jaeger, J. R., Prendini, L., & Riddle, B. R. (2013). Phylogeography of the Arizona hairy scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis) supports a model of biotic assembly in the Mojave Desert and adds a new Pleistocene refugium. Journal of Biogeography, 40, 1298–1312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habel, J. C., Husemann, M., Schmitt, T., Zachos, F. E., Honnen, A. C., … . & Stathi, I. (2012). Microallopatry caused strong diversification in Buthus scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Atlas Mountains (NW Africa). PloS One, 7(2), 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husemann, M., Schmitt, T., Stathi, I., & Habel, J. C. (2012). Evolution and radiation in the scorpion Buthus elmoutaouakili Lourenco and Qi 2006 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) at the foothills of the Atlas Mountains (North Africa). Journal of Heredity, 103, 221–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, K. M., Nichols, R. A., & Hewitt, G. M. (1996). Spatial patterns of genetic variation generated by different forms of dispersal during range expansion. Heredity, 77, 282–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, B. F., Kingston, J. D., & Jacobs, L. L. (1999). The origin of grass-dominated ecosystems. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 86, 590–643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanier, H. C., & Olson, L. E. (2012). Deep barriers, shallow divergences: reduced phylogeographical structure in the collared Pika (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotona collaris). Journal of Biogeography, 40, 466–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, J. W., & Bryant, D. (2015). Popart: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1110–1116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Librado, P., & Rozas, J. (2009). DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25, 1451–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenço, W.R., Rossi, A. & Sadine, S.E. 2015. New data on the genus Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones, Buthidae), with the description of a new species from Ethiopia. Arachnida - Rivista Aracnologica Italiana, 5, 11–29.
   Google Scholar
• Mirshamsi, O., Sari, A., Elahi, E., Hosseinie, S. (2010). Phylogenetic relationships of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) inferred from COI sequences (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Journal of Natural History, 44, 2851–2872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed-Geba, K., Obuid-Allah, A. H., El-Shimy, N. A., Mahbob, M. A. E. M., Ali, R. S., & Said, S. M. (2021). DNA barcoding for scorpion species from New Valley Governorate in Egypt reveals different degrees of cryptic speciation and species misnaming. Conservation, 1, 228–240.
   Google Scholar
• Okello, J. B. A., Nyakana, S., Masembe, C., Siegismund, H. R., & Arctander, P. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA variation of the common hippopotamus: evidence for a recent population expansion. Heredity, 95, 206–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein, J. O. (2022). Scorpion files. Species List. www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/buthidae.php. Accessed on 07.01.2022.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi A. (2015). Tre nuove specie di importanza medica del generé Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Arachnida - Rivista Aracnologica Italiana, 5 (Supplemento), 2–20.
   Google Scholar
• Sousa, P., Froufe, E., Harris, D. J., Alves, P. C., Van der Meijden, A. (2011). Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insights on the genus phylogeny and distribution. African Invertebrates, 52, 135–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahnke, H. L. (1972). UV light, a useful field tool. BioScience, 22, 604–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Štundlová, J., Šmíd, J., Nguyen, P., & Šťáhlavský, F. (2019). Cryptic diversity and dynamic chromosome evolution in Alpine scorpions (Euscorpiidae: Euscorpius). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 134, 152–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford, D. L. (2001). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analyses Using Parsimony (and Other Methods), Version 4.06b. Sunderland (Mass.): Sinauer Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Tajima, F. (1989). Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, 123, 585–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teruel, R., Kovařík, F., & Turiel, C. (2013). A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from northwestern Egypt (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 177, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Toprak, S., Parmaksiz, A., & Aslan, N. (2019). Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Isequence variation in three scorpion species from southeast Turkey. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 53, 187–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachon, M. (1948). Etudes sur les scorpions. Archives de l’Institut Pasteur d’Algerie. Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 26, 25–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vachon, M. (1952). Etude sur les Scorpions. Alger: Institut Pasteur d’Algérie. Vachon, M. 1973 [1974]. Etude des caracteres utilisés pour classer les familles et les genres de scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en arachnologie: Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les scorpions. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Ser. 3(140), 857–958.
   Google Scholar
• Viljoen, J. W., De Villiers, J. P., Van Zyl, A. J., Mezzavilla, M., & Pepper, M. S. (2019). Establishment and equilibrium levels of deleterious mutations in large populations. Scientific Reports, 9, 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. C. (1968). Scorpion preservation for taxonomic and morphological studies. Wasmann Journal Bioliology, 26, 133–136.
   Google Scholar
• Yağmur, E. A. (2021). Androctonus turkiyensis sp. n. from the Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 341, 1–18.
   Google Scholar