Glycosaminoglycans as polyelectrolytes: implications in bioactivity and assembly of biomedical devices

ABSTRACT

The innate negative charge of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) is in the origin of their bioactivity: it drives their spontaneous complexation with positively charged biomolecules and ions, regulating homeostatic functions by protein stabilization, protection and activation. Copycatting these interactions enables different supramolecular approaches towards the assembly of biofunctional devices. Such approaches allow processing under physiological conditions and thus, they are of unprecedented biocompliance for device build-up compared to conventional methods based on chemical cross-linkers, volatile and organic solvents, and high temperatures. We review different set-ups based on GAG electrostatic complexation and showcase their application towards the development of diverse therapeutic systems. We also discuss challenges associated with GAG complexation into intricate three-dimensional networks holding back the widespread use of these methods. Finally, we anticipate that conscious choice of GAG with distinct polyanionic strength and specific bioactivity will make possible the fabrication of constructs with personalized and customized properties in the nearest future.

KEYWORDS:

• Polyelectrolytes
• electrostatic complexation
• supramolecular assembly
• heparin
• dermatan sulfate
• chondroitin sulfate
• keratan sulfate
• hyaluronic acid

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under grant CEECIND/02842/2017, and projects PTDC/BTM-MAT/28327/2017 and PTDC/CTM-REF/0022/2020.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia: [Grant Number CEECIND/02842/2017]; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia: [Grant Number PTDC/CTM-REF/0022/2020]; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia: [Grant Number PTDC/BTM-MAT/28327/2017].