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Notes
1. International treaties between the two sovereign nations, Mexico and the USA, typically measure the border nation as 62 miles (100 km) north and south of the line. Staudt and Coronado (Citation2002) draw on census data for the figures cited.
2. The discourse of “security” is politically charged, with the evocation of terms like terrorism, invasion, and drug traffickers and policy implications of border control and militarization. See Staudt, Payan, and Kruszewski (Citation2009).
3. In states without state income taxes, like Texas, school budgets depend in part on property taxes. Property-poor regions like the border have long been underfunded, as John Sharp’s (Citation1998) Bordering the Future pointed out for pre-k and higher education. Federal funding known as Title I is available for schools with large concentrations of impoverished students. However, Dow and Staudt (Citation2012) show that this funding hardly makes up for low per-pupil expenditures.
4. For example, according to 2009 figures from the US Census Quick Facts, 31% of the population in El Paso County is 18 or under, while 24% of the US population is 18 or under.
5. See Méndez (Citation2010).