An umbrella review of the literature on the effectiveness of goal setting interventions in improving health outcomes in chronic conditions

Abstract

Purpose

To identify the contexts in which goal setting has been used in chronic disease management interventions and to estimate the magnitude of its effect on improvement of health outcomes.

Methods

The strength of evidence and extent of potential bias in the published systematic reviews of goal setting interventions in chronic conditions were summarized using AMSTAR2 quality appraisal tool, number of participants, 95% prediction intervals, and between-study heterogeneity. Components of goal setting interventions were also extracted.

Results

Nine publications and 35 meta-analysis models were identified, investigating 25 health outcomes. Of the 35 meta-analyses, none found strong evidence and three provided some suggestive evidence on symptom reduction and perceived well-being. There was weak evidence for effects on eight health outcomes (HbA1c, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, distress, medication adherence, health-related quality of life and physical activity), with the rest classified as non-significant. Half of the meta-analyses had high level of heterogeneity.

Conclusion

Goal setting by itself affects outcomes of chronic diseases only to a small degree. This is not unexpected finding as changing outcomes in chronic diseases requires a complex and individualized approach. Implementing goal setting in a standardized way in the management of chronic conditions would seem to be a way forward.

IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION

• The link between goal setting and health outcomes seems to be weak.

• Some levels of positive behavioural change could be of benefits to patients as seen by improved self-efficacy, patients’ satisfaction and overall quality of life.

• Systematic and consistent application of personalized goal-oriented interventions considering patient’s readiness to change could better predict improved outcomes.

• Incorporation of various goal setting components while actively engaging patient and/or their care givers in the process could appraise how goal setting could help with challenges in faced by people living with chronic conditions in different areas.

Keywords:

• Goal setting
• chronic diseases
• AMSTAR 2
• Umbrella review
• health outcomes

Acknowledgement

None of the funding agencies play any role in the data collection, analysis, interpretation and design of the Dashboard in this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This project was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research [LKF, MJB, NM, TCO – 125272] and the Canadian HIV Trials Network [CTN 273].