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ABSTRACT
Abandoned industrial sites, usually contaminated by hazardous substances, create social injustice in the surrounding communities. Redevelopment of industrial land has brought prospects of sustainable development to the communities that live in and around them. This research is to identify the critical factors facilitating urban regeneration and particularly social sustainability in Kaohsiung, an industrial city of Taiwan which experienced deindustrialization in recent decades, resulting in several abandoned industrial sites and decay of the adjacent urban communities. Two different industrial land redevelopment projects were examined; (1) Jhongdou Wetland Park, which focuses on environmental sustainability, and (2) Pier-2 Art Centre, which focuses on economic sustainability. Measured by the social sustainability indicators developed by the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development and through findings from a questionnaire survey of community members, this study found that the redevelopment project of the Pier-2 Art Centre has a higher level of social sustainability than the Jhongdou Wetland Park, performing better in six out of nine themes. Critical dimensions resulting in the better performance in social sustainability of the Pier-2 Art Centre included rental affordability, heritage conservation, community image, cultural activity, community association, public space, local organization and higher accessibility to facility.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 In addition, indicators of quality of life and economy further support the status of Taiwan as a developed economy, given its Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.907 in 2018 (National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan), Citation2018), which is classified as very high human development (United Nations Development Program, Citation2018), and Gross Domestic Product per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d) was US$50,300 in 2017.
2 Combining the original theme of health and safety with the housing and environmental health found by the OSID into (5) housing and health in this research, since the safety is discussed in (8) social capital, and the environmental health is removed since it is not the main concern of this study and should be studied in details as part of environmental sustainability.
3 A brownfield site where the pollution level exceeds the standard of regulations.
4 A brownfield site where the pollution level exceeds 20 under the score of Hazard Ranking System or exceeds the remediation goals that specific geological conditions can be established.
5 A buffer zone ensures an appropriate consideration is given to minimize or avoid environmental conflicts between surrounding residential zone and industrial zone, such as air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution, arising from the industrial land.
6 Jhongdou had a lower response rate because it has a mainly elderly population who rejected to be interviewed for being illiterate, and because its surrounding area is still desolate.
7 Chart marking was performed according to the following principles. (1) The covering areas of the pillars of sustainability were adjusted according to the research result. Thus the overlapping areas between the social and environmental pillars of Jhongdou, and the social and economic pillars of Pier-2, were set according to the performance of indicators, while the overlapping areas between the economic and other pillars of Jhongdou and between the environmental and other pillars of Pier-2, were auxiliary areas to help understand the contribution of the environment-oriented and economy-oriented redevelopment sites to the economic and environmental pillars respectively. (2) The ovals within the pillars represent the statistically significant H0 from aspects of different themes; they are based on the orientation of redevelopment and the portion of each oval fallen upon another pillar means the portion of indicators that got statistically significant H0 in its own theme. For example, three-quarters of the Trust oval in Jhongdou falls upon the environmental pillar, meaning that three-quarters of its indicators changed significantly after the redevelopment due to the provision of green space.
8 A significant difference between Group (GP) 3 & GP 1; GP 3 aged ≥ 56 > GP 1 aged ≤ 25.
9 Significant differences between GP 2 & GP 1 and GP 3 & GP 1; GP 2 aged 26–55 & GP 3 aged ≥ 56 > GP 1 aged ≤ 25.
10 Significant differences between GP 3 & GP 1 and GP 3 & GP 2; GP 3 aged ≥ 56 > GP 2 aged 26–55 & GP 1 aged ≤ 25.
11 A significant difference between GP 3 & GP 1; GP 3 aged ≥ 56 > GP 1 aged ≤ 25.
12 A significant difference between GP 3 & GP 1; GP 3 aged ≥ 56 > GP 1 aged ≤ 25.
13 Significant differences between GP 3 & GP 1 and GP 2 & GP 1; GP 3 aged ≥ 56 & GP 2 aged 26–55 > GP 1 aged ≤ 25.
14 A significant difference between GP 3 & GP 1; GP 3 aged ≥ 56 > GP 1 aged ≤ 25.
15 Significant differences between GP 3 & GP 1 and GP 3 & GP 2; GP 3 lived ≤ 9 yrs > GP 1 lived 10–19 yrs & GP 2 ≥ 20 yrs.
16 Significant differences between GP 2 & GP 1 and GP 3 & GP 1; GP 2 aged 26–55 & GP 3 aged ≥ 56 > GP 1 aged ≤ 25.