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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 20, 2013 - Issue 4
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Articles

Commodification of indigenous crafts and reconfiguration of gender identities among the Emberá of eastern Panama

La comodificación de las artesanías indígenas y la reconfiguración de las identidades de género entre los Emberá del este de Panamá

原住民工艺的商品化与巴拿马东部安贝拉(Emberá)自治区的性别认同重构

Pages 487-509 | Published online: 27 Jul 2012
 

Abstract

This article examines the recent involvement of Emberá indigenous women from eastern Panama in the production and commercialization of handicrafts for national and international markets, using life stories collected in two Emberá communities. Emberá women's increased participation in market economies provides a critical medium through which dominant norms of gender roles are partly reworked and new subjectivities are forged, providing them temporary spaces of authority from within to negotiate relationships with men in domestic spaces. The study does not look for obvious shifts of power inside the household. Instead, it conceptualizes handicraft activities and the conflicts they spark as discursive sites, thus focusing on how women (through their work and purchases) understand themselves and their roles, and how power operates through competing discursive constructions of ‘women’, ‘men’, or ‘work’ in everyday practices. This approach produces a nuanced understanding of the complex reconfiguration of gender relations, and the particular shapes that changing social interactions and meanings of femininity/masculinity take, and it challenges dominant representations of indigenous societies as static and inexorably harmed by capitalist transformation. Findings demonstrate that indigenous women's experiences and realities are multifaceted and dynamic, and that the outcomes of market economies in indigenous communities are complex and ambiguous, rather than uniform and necessarily oppressive.

Este artículo estudia la reciente participación de las mujeres Emberá del este de Panamá en la producción de artesanías para el mercado nacional e internacional, utilizando historias de vida recogidas en dos comunidades Emberá. El incremento de la participación de las mujeres Emberá en las economías de mercado brinda un medio crítico a través del cual las normas dominantes de los roles de género están parcialmente retrabajadas y se forjan nuevas subjetividades, otorgándoles espacios temporarios de autoridad desde adentro para negociar las relaciones con los hombres en los espacios domésticos. El estudio no intenta encontrar cambios obvios de poder dentro del hogar. En cambio, conceptualiza las actividades de la artesanía y los conflictos que provocan como sitios discursivos, por lo tanto se centra en cómo las mujeres (a través de su trabajo y sus compras) se ven a sí mismas y a sus roles, y cómo el poder opera a través de construcciones discursivas contrapuestas de ‘mujeres’, ‘hombres’ o ‘trabajo’ en las prácticas cotidianas. Este enfoque produce una comprensión matizada de la compleja reconfiguración de las relaciones de género, y las formas particulares que toman los actuales cambios en las interacciones sociales y en los significados de feminidad/masculinidad y desafía las representaciones dominantes de las sociedades indígenas como estáticas e inexorablemente dañadas por la transformación capitalista. Los resultados demuestran que las experiencias y realidades de las mujeres indígenas son multifacéticas y dinámicas, y que los resultados de las economías de mercado en las comunidades indígenas son complejos y ambiguos, en vez de uniformes y necesariamente opresivos.

本文运用在巴拿马东部安贝拉原住民自治区两个社区中搜集的生命史,检视自治区原住民女性近年来参与国内与国际市场手工艺品的生产与商品化。安贝拉的女性逐渐参与至市场经济,而此一参与提供了关键的媒介,藉此部分重塑主流性别角色规范,形塑新的主体性,并提供这些女性暂时性的自主空间,从中协商家户空间中与男性的关系。本研究并非企图寻求家户中显著的权力转移,而是概念化工艺品生产活动及其所引发的冲突之论述空间,并聚焦女性如何(透过工作与购物)理解自身与其所扮演的角色,以及权力如何透过日常生活中竞夺的‘女性,‘男性,或‘工作,论述建构进行运作。本方法对于复杂的性别关系重构,以及改变中的社会互动和女性气质/男性气概之意义所采取的特别形式提供了深刻的理解,并挑战将原住民社会视为静态且受到资本化发展无情掠夺的主流再现。研究结果证实,原住民女性的经验与事实是多重面向且动态的,因而市场经济在原住民社区引发的后果是复杂且歧异的,而非单一或必然是压迫的。

Acknowledgement

This article is part of a doctoral dissertation completed at Carleton University and funded by the Neil Huckvale Memorial Scholarship and the Torrance Research Scholarship in Geography and Environmental Studies. I wish to express my deep appreciation to the people of Bayamón and Atalaya for their generous hospitality and for their invaluable input to this article. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the thoughtful comments of Robyn Longhurst and three anonymous reviewers on earlier drafts of this article.

Notes

1. The Emberá and Wounaan (initially identified as a single ethnic group called ‘Chocó’) form two distinct groups with similar material culture but mutually unintelligible languages. Hereafter, I use the name Comarca Emberá for convenience.

2. See Law 22 of 08 November 1983 creating the Comarca Emberá-Wounaan.

3. i.e. forest, fallows, and cultivated fields.

4. The census counted a total of 131 women above the age of 15 in both communities (34 in Atalaya and 97 in Bayamón).

5. Sarong Emberá women wrap around their waist.

6. In 2006–2007, a paruma cost between US$10 and $12.

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