References

• Babb , F.E. 1996 . After the revolution: Neoliberal policy and gender in Nicaragua . Latin American Perspectives , 23 ( 1 ) : 27 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benería , L. 1992 . “ The Mexican debt crisis: Restructuring the economy and the household ” . In Unequal burden: Economic crisis, persistent poverty, and women's work , Edited by: Benería , L. and Feldman , S. 83 – 104 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blumberg , R.L. 1991 . “ Income under female versus male control: Hypotheses from a theory of gender stratification and data from the Third World ” . In Gender, family, and economy: The triple overlap , Edited by: Blumberg , R.L. 97 – 127 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , S. 1995 . Female-headed households in Honduras: Perspectives on rural-urban differences . Third World Planning Review , 17 ( 2 ) : 117 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Chant , S. 2000 . Men in crisis? Reflections on masculinities, work and family in north-west Costa Rica . European Journal of Development Research , 12 ( 2 ) : 199 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Chant , S. 2002 . Families on the verge of breakdown? Views on contemporary trends in family life in Guanacaste, Costa Rica . Journal of Developing Societies , 18 ( 2-3 ) : 109 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Crummett , M. 2001 . A gendered economic history of rural households: Calvillo, Aguascalientes, Mexico, 1982-1991 . A Journal of Women Studies , 22 ( 1 ) : 105 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cupples , J. 2005 . Love and money in an age of neoliberalism: Gender, work, and single motherhood in postrevolutionary Nicaragua . Environment and Planning A , 37 : 305 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eber , C. and Rosenbaum , B. 1993 . “ ‘That we may serve beneath your hands and feet’: Women weavers in Highland Chiapas, Mexico ” . In Crafts in the world market , Edited by: Nash , J. 155 – 79 . Albany, NY : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elson , D. and Pearson , R. 1981 . Nimble fingers make cheap workers . Feminist Review , 7 : 87 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Enríquez Rosas , R. 2002 . Women and survival strategies in poor urban contexts: A case study from Guadalajara, Mexico . Journal of Developing Societies , 18 ( 2–3 ) : 81 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Faron , L.C. 1962 . Marriage, residence, and domestic group among the Panamanian Chocó . Ethnology , 1 ( 1 ) : 13 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner , A. and Lawson , V. 1991 . Employment versus empowerment: A case study of the nature of women's work in Ecuador . The Journal of Development Studies , 27 ( 4 ) : 16 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , S. 1992 . “ Crises, poverty, and gender inequality: Current themes and issues ” . In Unequal burden: Economic crisis, persistent poverty, and women's work , Edited by: Benería , L. and Feldman , S. 1 – 25 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , J. 1990 . The anti-politics machine: ‘Development’, depoliticization, and bureaucratic power in Lesotho , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , N. 2000 . Work and masculinity among Peruvian urban men . The European Journal of Development Research , 12 : 93 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• García , B. and Oliveira de , O. 1994 . Trabajo femenino y vida familiar en México , Mexico City : Colegio de México .
   Google Scholar
• González de la Rocha , M. 1988 . Economic crisis, domestic reorganization, and women's work in Guadalajara . Bulletin of Latin American Research , 7 ( 2 ) : 207 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• González de la Rocha , M. 1995 . The urban family and poverty in Latin America . Latin American Perspectives , 22 ( 2 ) : 12 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays-Mitchell , M. 1997 . Development vs. empowerment: The gendered legacy of economic restructuring in Latin America . Yearbook of the International Congress of Latin American Geographers , 23 : 119 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Hays-Mitchell , M. 2002 . Coping with austerity: A gendered perspective on neoliberal restructuring in Peru . Gender and Development , 10 ( 3 ) : 71 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckadon Moreno , S. 1984 . “ La colonización campesina de bosques tropicales en Panamá ” . In Colonización y destrucción de bosques en Panamá , Edited by: Heckadon , S. and McKay , A. 17 – 44 . Panamá : Asociación Panameña de Antropología .
   Google Scholar
• Heckadon Moreno , S. 1985 . “ La ganadería extensiva y la deforestación ” . In Agonía de la naturaleza , Edited by: Heckadon , S. and Espinoza , J. 45 – 62 . Panamá : Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá and STRI .
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy, P. 1986. PhD diss., Louisiana State University A cultural geography of the Embera and Wounan (Chocó) Indians of Darién, Panama, with emphasis on recent village formation and economic diversification.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, F. 1989. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Florida The state-Indian relations in Panama: 1903–1983.
   Google Scholar
• Icaza , T. 1994 . “ La mujer chocoe de Bayamón ” . In Panamá en sus usos y costumbres , Edited by: Heckadon-Moreno , S. 425 – 48 . Panamá : Universidad de Panamá . (Orig. pub. 1977)
   Google Scholar
• Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)(IDB) . 2005 . Los pueblos indígenas de Panamá: Diagnóstico sociodemográfico a partir del censo del 2000 , Santiago de Chile : CEPAL, IDB, UN .
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization and United Nations Development Program (ILO and UNDP) . 2009 . Work and family: Towards new forms of reconciliation with social co-responsibility , Santiago, Chile : ILO and UNDP .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , S. 1994 . The phantom gringo boat: Shamanic discourse and development in Panama , Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Laurie , N. 1997 . Negotiating femininity: Women and representation in emergency employment in Peru . Gender, Place and Culture , 4 ( 2 ) : 235 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Laurie , N. 1999 . State-backed work programmes and the regendering of work in Peru: Negotiating femininity in ‘the provinces’ . Environment and Planning A , 31 : 229 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurie , N. and Calla , P. 2004 . “ Development, postcolonialism, and feminist political geography ” . In Mapping women, mapping politics: Feminist perspectives on political geography , Edited by: Staeheli , L.A. , Kofman , E. and Peake , L. 99 – 112 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Lind , A. 2002 . Making feminist sense of neoliberalism: The institutionalization of women's struggles for survival in Ecuador and Bolivia . Journal of Developing Societies , 18 ( 2-3 ) : 228 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Loewen , J.A. 1972 . El cambio cultural entre los chocó de Panamá . América Indígena , 32 ( 1 ) : 159 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• López Estrada , S. 2003 . “ Work, gender and space: Women's home-based work in Tijuana, Mexico ” . In Through the eyes of women: Gender, social networks, family and structural change in Latin American and the Caribbean , Edited by: Menjívar , C. 172 – 98 . Willowdale, ON : de Sitter Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Desarrollo Social . 2008 . Informe de avance de la Red de Oportunidades Panamá December
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Desarrollo Social . 2008 . Comarcas indígenas del país cubiertas con Red de Oportunidades . MIDES News , April 5. http://www.mides.gob.pa/index.php?option = com_content&task = blogcategory&id = 17&Itemid = 121
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Desarrollo Social . 2010 . Inicia último pago 2010 de Red de Oportunidades en Bancos . MIDES News , December 27. http://www.mides.gob.pa/?p = 4190
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Planificación y Política Económica (MIPPE) . 1998 . Ministerio de Planificación y Política Económica (MIPPE) , Panamá : MIPPE .
   Google Scholar
• Moser , C. 1989 . “ The impact of recession and adjustment policies at the micro-level: Low-income women and their households in Guayaquil, Ecuador ” . In The invisible adjustment: Poor women and the economic crisis , Santiago : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• Moser , C. 1993 . “ Adjustment from below: Low-income women, time and the triple role in Guayaquil ” . In Viva! Women and Popular Protest in Latin America , Edited by: Radcliffe , S.A. and Westwood , S. 173 – 96 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Nash , J. 1993a . “ Introduction: Traditional arts and changing markets in Middle America ” . In Crafts in the world market , Edited by: Nash , J. Albany, NY : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nash , J. 1993b . “ Maya household production in the world market: The potters of Amatenango del Valle, Chiapas, Mexico ” . In Crafts in the world market , Edited by: Nash , J. 127 – 54 . Albany, NY : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nash , J. 1994 . Global integration and subsistence insecurity . American Anthropologist, New Series , 96 ( 1 ) : 7 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , L. 2006 . Artesanía, mobility and the crafting of indigenous identities among Purhépechan women in Mexico . Journal of Latin American Geography , 5 ( 1 ) : 51 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira de , O. and García , B. 1998 . Crisis, restructuración económica y mercados de trabajo en México . Papeles de población , 15 : 39 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Organization of American States . 1978 . de desarrollo integrado de la región oriental de Panamá-Darién , Washington, DC : General Secretariat of the OAS .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , R. 2002 . “ Gender, production and access to land: The case for female peasants in India ” . In Rethinking empowerment. Gender and development in a global/local world , Edited by: Parpart , J.L. , Rai , S.M. and Staudt , K. 147 – 62 . New York and London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-Alemán , P. 1992 . “ Economic crisis and women in Nicaragua ” . In Unequal burden: Economic crisis, persistent poverty, and women's work , Edited by: Benería , L. and Feldman , S. 239 – 58 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pineda , J. 2000 . Partners in women-headed households: Emerging masculinities? . European Journal of Development Research , 12 ( 2 ) : 72 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramnek , M. 2007 . Algunos apuntes sobre la participación de la mujer en la sociedad Emberá . Serie Rufina Álfaro , 5 : 4 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Roldán , M. 1988 . “ Renegotiating the marital contract: Intra-household patterns of money allocation and women's subordination among domestic outworkers in Mexico City ” . In A home divided: Women and income in the Third World , Edited by: Dwyer , D. and Bruce , J. 229 – 47 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Safa , H. 1990 . Women's social movements in Latin America . Gender and Society , 4 ( 3 ) : 354 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safa , H. 1995 . The myth of the male breadwinner: Women and industrialization in the Caribbean , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Safa , H. 2002 . Questioning globalization: Gender and export processing in the Dominican Republic . Journal of Developing Societies , 18 ( 2-3 ) : 11 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Safilios-Rothschild , C. 1988 . “ The impact of agrarian reform on men's and women's incomes in rural Honduras ” . In The gendered worlds of Latin American women workers , Edited by: French , J.D. and James , D. 216 – 28 . Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salles , V. and Tuirán , R. 1997 . The family in Latin America: A gender approach . Current Sociology , 45 : 141 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J.C. 1985 . Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J.C. 1998 . Seeing like a state. How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed , New Heaven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sen , A. 1987 . On ethics and economics , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Sharp , J.P. , Routledge , P. , Philo , C. and Paddison , R. 2000 . “ Entanglements of power. Geographies of domination/resistance ” . In Entanglements of power. Geographies of domination/resistance , Edited by: Sharp , J.P. , Routledge , P. , Paddison , R. and Philo , C. 1 – 42 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Standing , G. 1999 . Global feminization through flexible labor: A theme revisited . World Development , 27 ( 3 ) : 583 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , L. 1993 . “ Weaving in the fast lane: Class, ethnicity, and gender in Zapotec craft commercialization ” . In Crafts in the world market , Edited by: Nash , J. 25 – 57 . Albany, NY : State University of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Stephen , L. 2005 . Women's weaving cooperatives in Oaxaca: An indigenous response to neoliberalism . Critique of Anthropology , 25 ( 3 ) : 253 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice , K.E. 1995 . Kuna crafts, gender, and the global economy , Austin, TX : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tinsman , H. 1997 . “ Household patrones. Wife-beating and sexual control in rural Chile, 1964–1988 ” . In The gendered worlds of Latin American women workers , Edited by: French , J.D. and James , D. 204 – 96 . Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Torres de Araúz , R. 1958 . Los Indios chocóes del Darién . América Indígena , 18 ( 3 ) : 167 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Program and Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (UNDP and MEF) . 2003 . La actividad económica de Darién , Panamá : UNDP and MEF .
   Google Scholar
• Velásquez Runk, J. 2005. And the creator began to carve us of Cocobolo: Culture, history, forest ecology, and conservation among Wounaan in eastern Panama., PhD diss., Yale University
   Google Scholar
• Wali , A. 1993 . The transformation of a frontier: State and regional relationships in Panama, 1972-1990 . Human Organization , 52 ( 2 ) : 115 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead , A. 1981 . “ ‘I'm hungry, mum’: The politics of domestic budgeting ” . In Of marriage and market , Edited by: Young , C. , Wolkowitz , C. and McCullagh , M. 89 – 111 . London : CSE Books .
   Google Scholar