A Facile Access to Metal-Free Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-Ones/Thiones using Acridine Yellow G as a Photo-Induced Electron Transfer Photocatalyst

Abstract

A green approach for the metal-free synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/thiones was developed using a radical tandem three-condensation domino Biginelli reaction of β-ketoesters, arylaldehydes, and urea/thiourea. Using acridine yellow G (AYG) as a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) photocatalyst using visible light as a sustainable energy source. The goal of this study is to increase the use of a nonmetal dye that is inexpensive and readily available. High yields, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness are all advantages of photochemically catalyzed AYG, as are significant atom economy, time-saving features, and ease of usage. As a result, a variety of chemical and environmental variables can be monitored throughout time. The turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/thiones have been computed. Surprisingly, gram-scale cyclization is conceivable, implying that the technique could be applied in industry.

Keywords:

• Acridine yellow G (AYG)
• photo-induced electron transfer (PET)
• photochemical synthesis
• renewable energy source
• 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/thiones

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Research Council of the Apadana Institute of Higher Education.