Nanoarchitectured Bioconjugates and Bioreceptors Mediated Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for In Vitro Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Development and Future Prospects

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an obvious neurological disorder characterized by progressive brain cell death that resulted in memory loss, cognitive decline, and finally dementia. Besides, AD is also affected by a multifunctional pathway, which leads to alteration in the biomolecular level as AD steps forward. Notwithstanding numerous diagnosis techniques, the conventionally engaged technology permits the detection of AD biomarkers with low sensitivity and poor selectivity. Concerning this, in recent years bioconjugates and bioreceptors based AD biomarkers recognition is gaining huge prospective to improved selectivity and sensitivity of AD at the molecular level. The present review deals with the recent progress in bioreceptors and bioconjugates mediated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for in vitro diagnosis of AD. Fascinatingly, this review inculcates the information of assorted important AD biomarkers viz. beta-amyloid (Aβ), Tau protein, apolipoprotein (apoE4), 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (17β-HSD-10), acetylcholine, etc. In addition, this review sheds light on the utmost and unique methods of bioconjugates synthesis, which is holding the huge attention of researchers for AD biomarker detection and contributed to the development of simplistic, rapid, and socioeconomic sensitivity enhancement methods. Concisely, this review gives insight into the analytical performance of nanoarchitectured bioconjugate and bioreceptor-mediated SPR biosensor and their revolutionary benefits in terms of selectivity and sensitivity for in vitro diagnosis of AD biomarkers. Overall, this review gives a detailed overview of research done to date in the meadow of SPR biosensors in the in vitro diagnosis of AD, which paves the new pathway for futuristic biomedical applications.

Highlights

•  AD recent updates and its biomarkers reviewed.

•  There is no leading technology to rapidly sense and monitor AD.

•  Bioconjugates as potential biosensing elements.

•  Conjugation methods to link bioreceptors to nanomaterials have been highlighted.

•  Role of bioconjugates and bioreceptors in AD biosensing through SPR biosensor have been discussed.

Graphical Abstract

Figure 1. Nano-architectured bioconjugates and bioreceptors mediated SPR biosensor for highly sensitive and selective in vitro diagnosis of AD biomarkers.

Keywords:

• Alzheimer’s disease
• surface plasmon resonance
• bioconjugates
• bioreceptors
• in vitro diagnosis

Conflict of interest

The authors state that they have no known competing for financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Funding

The authors are thankful to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), India for Research Funding (No.5/4–5/159/Neuro/2015-NCD-I), and H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur for providing the necessary facilities.