Recent Update on Pretreatment and Analysis Methods of Buprenorphine in Different Matrix

Abstract

Buprenorphine is one of the most commonly used pain-killing drugs due to its lengthy duration of action and high potency. However, excessive usage of buprenorphine can be harmful to one's health and prolonged use might result in addiction. Additionally, an increasing number of cases have been documented involving the illegal use of buprenorphine. Therefore, a variety of effective and reliable methods for pretreatment and determination of buprenorphine and its main metabolite norbuprenorphine have been established. This review aims to update the current state of pretreatment and detection techniques for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from January 2010 to March 2022. Pretreatment methods include several traditional extraction methods, solid-phase extraction, QuECHERS, various micro-extraction techniques, etc. while analytical methods include LC-MS, LC coupled with other detectors, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical sensors, etc. The pros and cons of various techniques were compared and summarized, and the prospects were provided.

HIGHLIGHTS

1. Progress in pretreatment and detection methods for buprenorphine is demonstrated.

2. Pros and cons of different pretreatment and analysis methods are compared.

3. New materials (such as nanomaterials and magnetic materials) used in buprenorphine pretreatment are summarized.

4. Newly emerged environmental-friendly methods are discussed.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Buprenorphine
• determination methods
• pretreatment methods
• update

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Bo PANG: Writing –review & editing. Yuan ZHANG: Writing –review & editing, Conceptualization. Yu ZHOU: Supervision. Zhi-fei LIU: Supervision. Xiao-jun LIU: Supervision. Xue-song FENG: Conceptualization, Validation.

Declaration of interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project of the Department of Education of Liaoning Province (ZF2019036).