Analytical Methodologies for the Estimation of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics as Key Members of anti-MRSA Arsenal: A Decade in Review

Abstract

Gram-positive bacterial infections are among the most serious diseases related with high mortality rates and huge healthcare costs especially with the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains that limits treatment options. Thus, development of new antibiotics combating these multi-drug resistant bacteria is crucial. Oxazolidinone antibiotics are the only totally synthetic group of antibiotics that showed activity against multi-drug resistant Gram positive bacteria including MRSA because of their unique mechanism of action in targeting protein synthesis. This group include approved marketed members (tedizolid, linezolid and contezolid) or those under development (delpazlolid, radezolid and sutezolid). Due to the significant impact of this class, larger number of analytical methods were required to meet the needs of both clinical and industrial studies. Analyzing these drugs either alone or with other antimicrobial agents commonly used in ICU, in the presence of pharmaceutical or endogenous biological interferences, or in the presence of matrix impurities as metabolites and degradation products poses a big analytical challenge. This review highlights current analytical approaches published in the last decade (2012–2022) that dealt with the determination of these drugs in different matrices and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Various techniques have been described for their determination including chromatographic, spectroscopic, capillary electrophoretic and electroanalytical methods. The review comprises six sections (one for each drug) with their related tables that depict critical figures of merit and some experimental conditions for the reviewed methods. Furthermore, future perspectives about the analytical methodologies that can be developed in the near future for determination of these drugs are suggested.

Keywords:

• Chromatographic methods
• different matrices
• electrochemical methods
• oxazolidinone antibiotics
• spectroscopic methods
• tedizolid and linezolid

Acknowledgments

This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (Project number PSAU/2023/1444).

Disclosure statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Additional information

Funding

This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (Project number PSAU/2023/1444).