A Comparative Review of Solidified Floating Organic Drop Microextraction Methods for Metal Separation: recent Developments, Enhanced co-Factors, Challenges, and Environmental Assessment

Abstract

The current work is devoted to a comparative analysis of enhanced co-factors in solidified floating organic drop microextraction methods (SFODME) and an environmental assessment. Also, the description of SFODME, with a focus on its applications in the determination of metals in different matrices, was explained. The impact of several parameters, developments, and greenness evaluations was introduced. Especially, the review provides a concise overview of the multiple approaches to SFODME, with an emphasis on environmentally friendly, supported co-factors. These mods include ultrasound, vortex, and air-assisted SFODME procedures. The selectivity and sensitivity increase when co-factors are added to SFODME. Lastly, the analysis also aims to select tools (Analytic GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE), Red-Green-Blue (RGB12), and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI)) that have been described as environmentally friendly. Additionally provide an explanation of the data collected, compare, and emphasize the advantages of certain characteristics in each tool. Furthermore, case studies and comparisons for three tools were shown.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Solidified floating organic drop microextraction
• ultrasound
• vortex
• analytical GREEnness metric approach
• blue applicability grade index

Acknowledgment

Iraqi Ministry of education and Islamic University.

Author contributions

Nidhal Hatif Hammood: Visualization, Writing original draft. Fatimah Abdulwahhab Kadhim: Visualization, Writing original draft. Melath K. Al-Gufaili: Writing original draft. Ebaa Adnan Azooz: Correspondence, Writing, review & editing. Denys Snigur: Correspondence, Writing, review & editing.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.