Applications of Biosensors in Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer globally, predominantly affecting men. Early detection and treatment are crucial due to high recurrence rates and poor prognosis for advanced stages. Traditional diagnostic methods like cystoscopy and imaging have limitations, leading to the exploration of noninvasive methods such as liquid biopsy. This review highlights the application of biosensors in BC, including electrochemical and optical sensors for detecting tumor markers like proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, noting their clinical relevance. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-drug conjugates, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy, are also explored, the role of biosensors in detecting corresponding biomarkers to guide these treatments is examined. Finally, the review addresses the current challenges and future directions for biosensor applications in BC, highlighting the need for large-scale clinical trials and the integration of advanced technologies like deep learning to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy.

Keywords:

• Bladder cancer
• biosensor technologies
• fluid biopsy
• nanomaterials
• tumor treatment

Disclosure statement

All the authors have nothing to declare.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82160146); Key R&D projects in Gansu (22YF7FA090). Cuiying Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (CY2021-MS-A12 and CY2020-MS08); Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province of China (21JR1RA151). Key R&D Program of Gansu Province (22YF7FA090).