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Abstract
Marked changes in socioeconomic status, cultural traditions, population growth, and agriculture have been affecting diets worldwide. Nutrition is known to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, and the use of bioactive food compounds at pharmacologic doses is emerging as a preventive and/or therapeutic approach to target metabolic dysregulations occurring in aging, obesity-related chronic diseases, and cancer. Only recently have data on the effects of specific nutrients or food on the immune system become available, and studies regarding the human immune system are still in their infancy. Beyond providing essential nutrients, diet can actively influence the immune system. Understanding how diet and nutritional status influence the innate and adaptive arms of our immune system represents an area of scientific need, opportunity, and challenge. The insights gleaned should help to address several pressing global health problems. Recently, biologically active polyphenols, which are widespread constituents of fruit and vegetables, have gained importance as complex regulators of various cellular processes, critically involved in the maintenance of body homeostasis. This review outlines the potential effects of polyphenols on the function of dendritic cells (DCs), key players in the orchestration of the immune response. Their effects on different aspects of DC biology including differentiation, maturation, and DC capacity to shift immune response toward tolerance or immune activation will be outlined.
ABBREVIATIONS
| DC | = | dendritic cell |
| APC | = | antigen-presenting cell |
| MHC | = | major histocompatibility complex |
| Th | = | T helper |
| Treg | = | T regulatory |
| RA | = | retinoic acid |
| IDO | = | indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase |
| AHR | = | aryl hydrocarbon receptor |
| c-FLIP | = | FLICE inhibitory protein |
| EGCG | = | epigallocatechin gallate |
| MD-DC | = | monocyte-derived DC |
| ILT | = | immunoglobulin-like transcript |
| BM-DC | = | bone marrow (BM)-derived DC |
| poly I:C | = | polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid |
| TLR | = | Toll-like receptor |
| JNK | = | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| ERK | = | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| PG | = | prostaglandin |
| MAPK | = | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| NF-κB | = | nuclear factor κB |
| STAT | = | signal transducer and activator of transcription |
| IRF | = | interferon regulatory factor |
| COX | = | cycloxygenase |
| IκB | = | inhibitor κB |
| IKK | = | IκB kinase |
| PKC | = | protein kinase C |
| JAK | = | Janus kinase |
| ALDH | = | aldehyde dehydrogenase |
Funding
This work was partially supported by Italy/USA cooperation program (Targeted Research Project no. 11US/23).