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Abstract
In spite of achieving substantial progress in its therapeutic strategies, cancer-associated prevalence and mortality are persistently rising globally. However, most malignant cancers either cannot be adequately diagnosed at the primary phase or resist against multiple treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy as well as targeting therapy. In recent decades, overwhelming evidences have provided more convincing words on the undeniable roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in incidence and development of various cancer types. Recently, phytochemical and nutraceutical compounds have received a great deal of attention due to their inhibitory and stimulatory effects on oncogenic and tumor suppressor lncRNAs respectively that finally may lead to attenuate various processes of cancer cells such as growth, proliferation, metastasis and invasion. Therefore, application of phytochemicals with anticancer characteristics can be considered as an innovative approach for treating cancer and increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to standard prevailing therapies. The purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of various phytochemicals on regulation of lncRNAs in different human cancer and evaluate their capabilities for cancer treatment and prevention.
Author’s contributions
MH, ZA and BY contributed in conception, design and drafting of the manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Abbreviation
| ABC | = | ATP-binding cassette |
| AKT | = | protein kinase B |
| AMPK | = | adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
| ANRIL | = | antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus |
| BANCR | = | BRAF-activated long noncoding RNA |
| Bcl-2 | = | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
| CCAT1 | = | colon cancer-associated transcript 1 |
| CCAT2 | = | colon cancer-associated transcript-2 |
| CCND1 | = | cyclin D1 |
| CRC | = | colorectal cancer |
| CTR1 | = | copper transporter protein 1 |
| DIM | = | 3, 30-diindolylmethane |
| DNMT | = | DNA methyl transferase |
| EGCG | = | epigallocatechin-3-gallate |
| EGFR | = | epidermal growth factor receptor |
| EMT | = | epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
| ERBB4 | = | erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 |
| ERK | = | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| EWSAT1 | = | Ewing sarcoma-associated transcript 1 |
| EZH2 | = | enhancer of zeste homolog-2 |
| FAL1 | = | focally amplified lncRNA on chromosome 1 |
| GAS5 | = | growth arrest-specific 5 |
| HCC | = | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| HIF-1α | = | hypoxia-inducible factor-1α |
| HMOX1 | = | heme oxygenase 1 |
| hnRNP | = | heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein |
| HOTAIR | = | Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA |
| JNK | = | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| KCNQ1 | = | potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 |
| KCNQ1OT1 | = | KCNQ1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 |
| LINC00511 | = | long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 00511 |
| lncRNA | = | long non-coding RNAs |
| MALAT1 | = | metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 |
| MAPK | = | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MDR1 | = | multi-drug resistance-1 |
| MEG3 | = | maternally expressed gene 3 |
| mRNAs | = | messenger RNAs |
| mTOR | = | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| ncRNA | = | non-coding RNA |
| NF-κB | = | nuclear factor-B |
| NKILA | = | NF-κB interacting lncRNA |
| NPC | = | nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
| NRB2 | = | neighbor of BRCA1 lncRNA 2 |
| NSCLC | = | non-small cell lung cancer |
| Oct4 | = | octamer-binding transcription factor 4 |
| ORF | = | open reading frames |
| PANDAR | = | promoter of CDKN1A antisense DNA damage activated RNA |
| PCGEM1 | = | Prostate cancer gene expression marker |
| PDAC | = | pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |
| PI3K | = | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
| PKB | = | protein kinase B |
| PRC2 | = | polycomb repressive complex-2 |
| PTEN | = | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
| PUMA | = | P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis |
| PVT1 | = | plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 |
| RCC | = | renal cell carcinoma |
| ROS | = | reactive oxygen species |
| Sox2 | = | Sex-determining region Y-box2 |
| STAT3 | = | signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
| SWI/SNF | = | Switching defective/sucrose nonfermenting |
| UCA1 | = | urothelial carcinoma associated 1 |
| XIST | = | X-inactive specific transcript |
Funding
The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.