Abstract
Coffee is a beverage consumed globally. Although few studies have indicated adverse effects, it is typically a beneficial health-promoting agent in a range of diseases, including depression, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Coffee is rich in caffeine, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds, which can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and mitigate both inflammation and oxidative stress, common features of the burden of lifestyle diseases. This review will discuss the possible benefits of coffee on complications present in patients with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, outwith the social and emotional benefits attributed to caffeine consumption.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the National Research Council (CNPq) and the Rio de Janeiro State Research Support Foundation (FAPERJ) for their financial support. There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Author contributions
All authors wrote sections of the first draft, thoroughly edited the manuscript, and approved the final draft.