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Original Articles

Feedback and therapist effects in the context of treatment outcome and treatment length

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Pages 647-660 | Received 03 Sep 2014, Accepted 18 May 2015, Published online: 28 Jul 2015
 

Abstract

Objective: This study estimates feedback and therapist effects and tests the predictive value of therapists’ and patient attitudes toward psychometric feedback for treatment outcome and length. Methods: Data of 349 outpatients and 44 therapists in private practices were used. Separate multilevel analyses were conducted to estimate predictors and feedback and therapist effects. Results: Around 5.88% of the variability in treatment outcome and 8.89% in treatment length were attributed to therapists. There was no relationship between the average effectiveness of therapists and the average length of their treatments. Initial impairment, early alliance, number of diagnoses, feedback as well as therapists’ and patients’ attitudes toward feedback were significant predictors of treatment outcome. Treatments tended to be longer for patients with a higher number of approved sessions by the insurance company, with higher levels of interpersonal distress at intake, and for those who developed negatively (negative feedback) over the course of their treatment. Conclusions: Therapist effects on treatment outcome and treatment length in routine care seem to be relevant predictors in the context of feedback studies. Therapists’ attitudes toward and use of feedback as well as patients’ attitudes toward feedback should be further investigated in future research on psychometric feedback.

Obiettivo: Questo studio valuta il feedback e gli effetti del terapeuta e verifica il valore predittivo degli atteggiamenti del terapeuta e del paziente verso il feedback psicometrico per il risultato e la durata del trattamento. Metodi: sono stati usati i dati di 349 pazienti ambulatoriali e 44 terapeuti in studi privati. Sono state condotte delle analisi multilivello separate per valutare i predittori, il feedback e gli effetti del terapeuta. Risultati: Circa 5.88% della variabilità nell'esito del trattamento e 8,89% nella lunghezza del trattamento sono stati attribuiti ai terapeuti. Non c'era alcuna relazione tra l'efficacia media dei terapeuti e la lunghezza media dei loro trattamenti. La compromissione iniziale, l'alleanza precoce, il numero di diagnosi, il feedback così come gli atteggiamenti dei terapeuti e dei pazienti verso il feedback erano predittori significativi dell'esito del trattamento. I trattamenti tendevano ad essere più lunghi per i pazienti con un maggior numero di sedute riconosciute dalla compagnia di assicurazioni, con livelli più elevati di stress interpersonale iniziale e per coloro che hanno avuto un andamento negativo (feedback negativo) nel corso del loro trattamento. Conclusioni: gli effetti del terapeuta sull'esito del trattamento e sulla durata del trattamento nelle cure di routine sembrano essere predittori rilevanti nell'ambito degli studi di feedback. Si dovrebbero studiare ulteriormente gli atteggiamenti del terapeuta verso e l'uso del feedback, così come gli atteggiamenti dei pazienti verso il feedback in future ricerche sul feedback psicometrico.

Zusammenfassung:Ziele: Diese Studie schätzt zum einen Feedback- und Therapeuteneffekte und zum anderen den Einfluss der Einstellung von Therapeuten und Patienten gegenüber psychometrischem Feedback in Bezug auf das Behandlungsergebnis und die Behandlungsdauer. Methode: Es wurden Daten von 349 ambulanten Patienten und 44 Therapeuten privater Praxen genutzt. Separate Multilevel-Analysen wurden berechnet, um Prädiktoren sowie Feedback- und Therapeuteneffekte zu schätzen. Ergebnisse: Rund 5.88 % der Variabilität im Behandlungsergebnis und 8.89% der Variabilität in der Behandlungslänge konnten den Therapeuten zugeschrieben werden. Es zeigte sich keine Beziehung zwischen der durchschnittlichen Effektivität der Therapeuten und deren durchschnittlichen Behandlungslängen. Signifikante Prädiktoren für das Behandlungsergebnis waren: anfängliche Beeinträchtigung, frühe Allianz, Anzahl der Diagnosen, Feedback wie auch die Einstellung der Therapeuten und Patienten bezüglich des Feedbacks. Eine längere Behandlung zeigte sich bei Patienten mit einer größeren Anzahl von der Krankenkasse bewilligter Sitzungen, mit einem höheren Ausmaß interpersonaler Beeinträchtigung zum Zeitpunkt der Aufnahme und für jene, die sich im Behandlungsverlauf negativ entwickelten (negatives Feedback). Schlussfolgerung: Therapeuteneffekte bezüglich des Behandlungsergebnisses und der Behandlungslänge in der Routineversorgung scheinen relevante Prädiktoren im Kontext von Feedbackuntersuchungen zu sein. In zukünftigen Untersuchungen zum psychometrischen Feedback sollten die Einstellungen der Therapeuten und Patienten zum Feedback wie auch die Nutzung des Feedbacks durch die Therapeuten erforscht werden.

Objetivo: Este estudo estima o feedback e os efeitos do terapeuta e testa o valor preditivo das atitudes dos terapeutas e dos pacientes face a medidas psicométricas de feedback quanto ao resultado e duração do tratamento. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de 349 pacientes em ambulatório e 44 terapeutas em clínicas privadas. Foram conduzidas análises multinível separadas para estimar os preditores e o feedback, e os efeitos do terapeuta. Resultados: Cerca de 5,88% da variabilidade no resultado do tratamento e 8,89% na duração do mesmo foi atribuída aos terapeutas. Não foi encontrada qualquer relação entre a eficácia média dos terapeutas e a duração média dos respetivos tratamentos. Dificuldades iniciais, a aliança no início, o número de diagnósticos, o feedback, bem como as atitudes dos terapeutas e dos clientes face ao feedback, foram preditores significativos do resultado do tratamento. Os tratamentos foram tendencialmente mais longos para pacientes com um maior número de sessões asseguradas por uma companhia de seguros, com níveis superiores de ansiedade na admissão, e para aqueles que evoluíram negativamente (feedback negativo) ao longo do curso do tratamento. Conclusões: Os efeitos do terapeuta no resultado e na duração do tratamento no sistema de saúde parecem ser preditores relevantes no contexto de estudos de feedback. As atitudes dos terapeutas face ao feedback e o modo como o usam, assim como as atitudes dos pacientes face ao feedback, deverão continuar a ser estudadas em investigações futuras sobre medidas psicométricas de feedback.

摘要

目的:本研究評估案主回饋對治療師的作用,以及測試治療師與案主對於治療成效與長度的心理測量回饋之態度的預測力。方法:本研究共收錄在個人執業場所執業之44名治療師與其349名案主之資料。研究使用分次多階層分析以評估預測因子、回饋以及對治療師的作用。研究結果:大約5.88%的在治療效果的變異與8.89%在治療長度的變異量可歸因於治療師。治療師的平均效能與平均治療長度之間無關。可顯著預測治療成效的因子有初期功能損傷、早期同盟、診斷數目、案主回饋、以及治療師與案主對於回饋的態度。若保險公司有給付較長療程、案主在初談階段呈現較高人際壓力、或在治療過程中給予負向回饋的案主,通常整體療程會較長。結論:在有案主回饋研究的例行治療中,治療師作用對於治療成效、治療程度似乎是研究中相關的預測因子。未來在心理測量回饋的研究應該持續探討治療師對於案主回饋的態度、治療師如何使用這些回饋,以及案主對於回饋的態度。

關鍵字:接收回饋的態度;回饋的作用;案主為焦點的(心理治療)研究;案主自陳的治療效果;治療師作用

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. Since not enough data were available for the psychoanalytic treatment modality, the present study includes only CBT and psychodynamic treatments.

2. This list was composed of the statement “Due to the feedback, I …” and the following 10 different options from which multiple choices were possible: “… discussed with the patient his/her answers in the questionnaire”; “… tried to assist the patient's resources”; “… tried to adjust my therapeutic interventions”; “… discussed with the patient his/her interpersonal problems”; “… prepared the end of the therapy”; “… tried to enhance the patient's motivation for therapy”; “… varied the intervals between sessions; “… tried to enhance the therapeutic alliance”; “… consulted additional sources of help (e.g., supervision, intervision, literature, further education); “… tried new homework with the patient.”

3. In a preliminary analysis, we checked if differences in diagnoses had an impact on outcome. In this analysis, seven dummy variables were created with depression as reference group: dysthymia, panic disorder, other anxiety disorders, adjustment disorder, eating disorder, personality disorders, and other disorders. Adding the dummy variables as predictors did not explain significant variation in scores. Since the diagnostic category was not a significant predictor of treatment outcome and too many dummy variables in one model led to instable model estimations, we did not leave these non-significant predictors in next modeling step.

4. For 13 patients from the analysis sample (N = 349) no information regarding treatment length was given and therefore had to be excluded (N = 336).

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