A critical review on the role of nanotheranostics mediated approaches for targeting β amyloid in Alzheimer’s

Abstract

Alzheimer’s is one of the most common neurodegenerative illnesses that affect brain cellular function. In this disease, the neurons in the brain are considered to be decaying steadily but consistently by the accumulation of amyloid mass, particularly the β-amyloids, amyloid proteins, and Tau proteins. The most responsible amyloid-proteins are amyloid-40 and amyloid-42, which have a high probability of accumulating in excess over the brain cell, interfering with normal brain cell function and triggering brain cell death. The advancement of pharmaceutical sciences leads to the development of Nanotheranostics technology, which may be used to diagnose and treat Alzheimer’s. They are the colloidal nanoparticles functionalised with the therapeutic moiety as well as a diagnostic moiety. This article discusses the prognosis of Alzheimer’s, various nanotheranostics approaches (nanoparticles, quantum dots, aptamers, dendrimers, etc), and their recent advancement in managing Alzheimer’s. Also, various in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostic methodologies were discussed with respect to nanotheranostics.

HIGHLIGHTS

• Describing the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s with respect to amyloid β in the prognosis of the disease

• Presenting the various nanotheranostics techniques for the detection and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

• Nanoparticles, Aptamers, and Dendrimers used as diagnostic and treatment entities

• In-vivo (MRI, OI) and In-vitro (STM, TRPS) diagnostic approaches for detecting Alzheimer’s disease

Keywords:

• Alzheimer’s
• nanotheranostics
• nanoparticles
• quantum dots
• aptamers
• dendrimers

Acknowledgments

The authors express their sincere thanks to the Honourable Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor of Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, for their constant encouragement to carry out this work and also for providing necessary facilities for the same.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.