Cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute exposure to sulfur mustard: a systematic review

Abstract

Context: Mustard gas (e.g. sulfur mustard (SM)) has been used as a chemical agent in several battles and is still a potential worldwide menace. Besides local absorption, particularly in the skin, eyes and lungs, systemic spread of the agent also has detrimental effects on gonads, bone marrow and nervous system. Moreover, chronic exposure of SM to respiratory system causes death. Inducing oxidative stress, and disturbing DNA and tissue repair systems, inflammation and cell death signaling pathways have been introduced as molecular mechanisms of the injury.

Methods: In this systematic review, more than 1200 (2000–2014) articles focusing on gross or molecular pathological reports in the acute phase of the respiratory injury after SM exposure were reviewed, followed by two different layers of gross and molecular pathological data (clinic and laboratory) integrated together in a spatio-temporal order. Role of epithelial, neutrophil and macrophage cells and three signaling pathways of inflammation, oxidative stress and cell death are covered in details.

Results and conclusion: Our results propose a critical role of interleukin-17 producing cells in acute and chronic inflammatory responses.

Keywords:

• Airway
• COPD
• epithelium
• inflammation
• oxidative stress

Acknowledgements

Authors should thank Prof Mustafa Ghanei for his critical comments and also Dr. Yunes Panahi for extensive review of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no declarations of interest.