Examining the Association between Racial Disparities in Exclusionary Discipline Practices and Academic Gains

Abstract

Previous literature reported that Black students receive out-of-school suspensions (OSSs) and expulsions at disproportionately higher rates and have lower test scores than White students. This study provides recent evidence on the relation between racial disparities in discipline and in achievement, with particular focus on achievement gains, in schools across the nation. We link school-level discipline data in 2017–2018 from the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) to student-level assessment data from NWEA. Leveraging assessment data in the fall, winter, and spring for 1,308,004 students in grades 6–8 in 6,841 schools, this is the first study to estimate the association between exclusionary discipline and within-year academic gains. We report two main findings. First, Black-White suspension gaps and achievement gaps persist (correlation= .15 for math, .19 for reading) in the vast majority of schools in 2017–2018 despite the announcement of many reforms in school discipline practices. Second, Black-White disparities in exclusionary discipline rates are associated with lower learning rates during the school year for Black students in math but there is no association for reading. These findings point to discipline disparity as a key factor contributing to the expansion of Black-White achievement gaps during the school year reported in the extant literature.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for helpful feedback from Nate Jensen, Andrew McEachin, the anonymous reviewers, and conference participants at the Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness and the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 NWEA, previously Northwest Evaluation Association, is a not-for-profit organization that partners with educational agencies across the country to assess and monitor student academic achievement and growth. NWEA is the current name of the organization and no longer an acronym.

2 MAP Growth is the name of the assessment used in this study. MAP is not an acronym.

3 This study used de-identified test scores data, and human subjects requirements for Internal Review Board were waived.