239
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Examining the Association between Racial Disparities in Exclusionary Discipline Practices and Academic Gains

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &

References

  • Anderson, K. P., Ritter, G. W., Zamarro, G. (2017). Understanding a vicious cycle: Do out-of-school suspensions impact student test scores [EDRE Working Paper No. 2017-09]. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2944346
  • Anderson, K. P., Ritter, G. W., & Zamarro, G. (2019). Understanding a vicious cycle: The relationship between student discipline and student academic outcomes. Educational Researcher, 48(5), 251–262. doi:10.3102/0013189X19848720
  • Anyon, Y., Zhang, D., & Hazel, C. (2016). Race, exclusionary discipline, and connectedness to adults in secondary schools. American journal of Community Psychology, 57(3–4), 342–352. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12061
  • Arcia, E. (2006). Achievement and enrollment status of suspended students: Outcomes in a large, multicultural school district. Education and Urban Society, 38(3), 359–369. doi:10.1177/0013124506286947
  • Bacher-Hicks, A., Billings, S. B., & Deming, D. (2019). The school to prison pipeline: Long-run impacts of school suspensions on adult crime [NBER Working Paper No. 26257]. NBER. doi:10.3386/w26257
  • Barrett, N., McEachin, A., Mills, J., & Valant, J. (2018). Disparities in student discipline by race and income. Education Research Alliance for New Orleans. https://educationresearchalliancenola.org/files/publications/010418-Barrett-McEachin-Mills-Valant-Disparities-in-Student-Discipline-by-Race-and-Family-Income.pdf
  • Bell, C., & Puckett, T. (2020). I want to learn but they won’t let me: Exploring the impact of school discipline on academic achievement. Urban Education. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0042085920968629
  • Curran, F. C. (2017). The law, policy, and portrayal of zero tolerance school discipline. Educational Policy, 33, 319–349. doi:10.1177/0895904817691840
  • Darling-Hammond, S., Fronius, T. A., Sutherland, H., Guckenburg, S., Petrosino, A., & Hurley, N. (2020). Effectiveness of restorative justice in US K-12 schools: A review of quantitative research. Contemporary School Psychology, 24, 295–308. doi:10.1007/s40688-020-00290-0
  • Davison, M., Penner, A. M., & Penner, E. K. (2021). Restorative for all? Racial disproportionality and school discipline under Restorative Justice. American Educational Research Journal, 59, 687–718. doi:10.3102/00028312211062613
  • Davison, M., Penner, A. M., Penner, E. K., Pharris-Ciurej, N., Porter, S. R., Rose, E. K., Shem-Tov, Y., & Yoo, P. (2022). School discipline and racial disparities in early adulthood. Educational Researcher (Washington, DC: 1972), 51(3), 231–234. doi:10.3102/0013189X211061732
  • Duxbury, S. W., & Haynie, D. L. (2020). School suspension and social selection: Labeling, network change, and adolescent, academic achievement. Social Science Research, 85, 102365. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102365
  • Eitle, T. M., & Eitle, D. J. (2004). Inequality, segregation, and the overrepresentation of African Americans in school suspensions. Sociological Perspectives, 47, 269–287. doi:10.1525/sop.2004.47.3.269
  • Goldman, M., & Rodriguez, N. (2022). Juvenile court in the school-prison nexus: Youth punishment, schooling and structures of inequality. Journal of Crime and Justice, 45(3), 270–284. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2021.1950562
  • Gopalan, M. (2019). Understanding the linkages between racial/ethnic discipline gaps and racial/ethnic achievement gaps in the United States. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 27, 154. doi:10.14507/epaa.27.4469
  • Gould, E. (2020). State of working America wages 2019. Economic Policy Institute. https://files.epi.org/pdf/183498.pdf
  • Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. A. (2010). The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 59–68. doi:10.3102/0013189X09357621
  • Hashim, A. K., Strunk, K. O., & Dhaliwal, T. K. (2018). Justice for all? Suspension bans and restorative justice programs in the Los Angeles Unified School District. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(2), 174–189. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2018.1435040
  • Hirschfield, P. (2009). Another way out: The impact of juvenile arrests on high school dropout. Sociology of Education, 82(4), 368–393. doi:10.1177/003804070908200404
  • Houston, D. M., & Henig, J. R. (2021). The ‘good’ schools: Academic performance data, school choice, and segregation [Working Paper No. 21–491]. Annenberg Institute at Brown University. doi:10.26300/7n5s-km15
  • Hwang, N., & Domina, T. (2021). Peer disruption and learning: Links between suspensions and the educational achievement of non-suspended students. Education Finance and Policy, 16(3), 443–463. doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00308
  • Hwang, N., Penner, E. K., Davison, M., Sanabria, T., Hanselman, P., Domina, T., & Penner, A. M. (2022). Reining in punitive discipline: Recent trends in exclusionary school discipline disparities. Socius, 8. doi:10.1177/23780231221103044
  • Jabbari, J., & Johnson, O. (2020). The collateral damage of in-school suspensions: A counterfactual analysis of high-suspension schools, math achievement and college attendance. Urban Education. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0042085920902256
  • Jarvis, S. N., & Okonofua, J. A. (2020). School deferred: When bias affects school leaders. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4), 492–498. doi:10.1177/1948550619875150
  • Kinsler, J. (2011). Understanding the black-white school discipline gap. Economics of Education Review, 30, 1370–1383. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.07.004
  • Kinsler, J. (2013). School discipline: A source or salve for the racial achievement gap? International Economic Review, 54(1), 355–383. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2354.2012.00736.x
  • Kuhfeld, M., Condron, D. J., & Downey, D. B. (2021). When does inequality grow? A seasonal analysis of racial/ethnic disparities in learning from kindergarten through eighth grade. Educational Researcher, 50(4), 225–238. doi:10.3102/0013189X20977854
  • Kuhfeld, M., & Lewis, K. (2022). Student achievement in 2021-2022: Cause for hope and continued urgency. NWEA.
  • Kupchik, A., & Ward, G. (2014). Race, poverty, and exclusionary school security: An empirical analysis of U.S. elementary, middle, and high schools. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12(4), 332–354. doi:10.1177/15412040135038
  • Lacoe, J., & Steinberg, M. P. (2018). Rolling back Zero Tolerance: The effect of discipline policy reform on suspension usage and student outcomes. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(2), 207–227.
  • Lindsay, C. A., & Hart, C. M. D. (2017). Exposure to same-race teachers and student disciplinary outcomes for Black students in North Carolina. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 39(3), 485–510. doi:10.3102/0162373717693109
  • Liu, J., Hayes, M. S., & Gershenson, S. (2021). From referrals to suspensions: New evidence on racial disparities in exclusionary discipline [Working Paper No. 21–442]. Annenberg Institute at Brown University. doi:10.26300/axvg-zp19
  • Losen, D. J., & Martinez, P. (2020). Lost opportunities: How disparate school discipline continues to drive differences in the opportunity to learn. The Center for Civil Rights Remedies at the Civil Rights Project.
  • Meiners, E. R. (2007). Right to be hostile. Routledge.
  • Morris, E. W., & Perry, B. L. (2016). The punishment gap: School suspensions and racial disparities in achievement. Social Problems, 63, 68–86. doi:10.1093/socpro/spv026
  • National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2021). Public High School Graduation Rates. Condition of Education. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/coi.
  • NCES. (2022). College Enrollment Rates. Condition of Education. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/2022/cpb_508.pdf
  • Noguera, P. A. (2003). Schools, prisons, and social implications of punishment: Rethinking disciplinary practices. Theory into Practice, 42(4), 341–350. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1477398
  • Nolan, K., & Willis, P. (2011). Police in the hallways: Discipline in an urban high school. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Noltemeyer, A., Palmer, K., James, A. G., & Wiechman, S. (2019). School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS): A synthesis of existing research. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 7(4), 253–262. doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1425169
  • Noltemeyer, A. L., Ward, R. M., & Mcloughlin, C. (2015). Relationship between school suspension and outcomes: A meta-analysis. School Psychology Review, 44(2), 224–240.
  • Pearman, F. A., Curran, F. C., Fisher, B., & Gardella, J. (2019). Are achievement gaps related to discipline gaps? Evidence from national data. AERA Open. doi:10.1177/2332858419875440
  • Perry, B. L., & Morris, E. W. (2014). Suspending progress: Collateral consequences of exclusionary punishment in public schools. American Sociological Review, 79(6), 1067–1087. doi:10.1177/0003122414556308
  • Quinn, D. M., Cooc, N., McIntyre, J., & Gomez, C. J. (2016). Seasonal dynamics of academic achievement inequality by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity: Updating and extending past research with new national data. Educational Researcher, 45(8), 443–453. doi:10.3102/0013189X16677965
  • Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, Y. F., & Congdon, R. (2019). HLM 8 for windows [computer software]. Scientific Software International, Inc.
  • Rausch, M. K., & Skiba, R. (2004). Unplanned outcomes: Suspensions and expulsions in Indiana. Education Policy Briefs, 2, 1–7.
  • Reardon, S. F. (2019). Educational opportunity in early and middle childhood: Using full population administrative data to study variation by place and age. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 5(2), 40–68. doi:10.7758/RSF.2019.5.2.03
  • Reardon, S. F., Baker, R., & Klasik, D. (2012). Race, income, and enrollment patterns in highly selective colleges, 1982–2004. Center for Education Policy Analysis, Stanford University.
  • Reardon, S. F., Ho, A. D., Shear, B. R., Fahle, E. M., Kalogrides, D., Jang, H., & Chavez, B. (2021). Stanford Education Data Archive (Version 4.1). http://purl.stanford.edu/db586ns4974.
  • Rios, V. (2011). Punished: Policing the lives of black and Latino boys. New York University Press.
  • Ritter, G. W., & Anderson, K. P. (2018). Examining disparities in student discipline: Mapping inequities from infractions to consequences. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(2), 161–173. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2018.1435038
  • Santiago-Rosario, M. R., Whitcomb, S. A., Pearlman, J., & McIntosh, K. (2021). Associations between teacher expectations and racial disproportionality in discipline referrals. Journal of School Psychology, 85, 80–93. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2021.02.004
  • Savolainen, J., Hughes, L. A., Mason, W. A., Hurtig, T. M., Ebeling, H., Moilanen, I. K., Kivivuori, J., & Taanila, A. M. (2012). Antisocial propensity, adolescent school outcomes, and the risk of criminal conviction. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 54–64. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00754.x
  • Scott, T. M., & Barrett, S. B. (2004). Using staff and student time engaged in disciplinary procedures to evaluate the impact of school-wide PBS. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6(1), 21–27. doi:10.1177/10983007040060010401
  • Shi, Y., & Zhu, M. (2021). Equal time for equal crime? Racial bias in school discipline [Working Paper No. 21–383]. Annenberg Institute at Brown University. doi:10.26300/xpc4-j379
  • Shores, K., Kim, H. E., & Still, M. (2020). Categorical inequality in black and white: Linking disproportionality across multiple educational outcomes. American Educational Research Journal, 57(5), 2089–2131. doi:10.3102/0002831219900128
  • Skiba, R. J., Arredondo, M. I., & Williams, N. T. (2014). More than a metaphor: The contribution of exclusionary discipline to a school-to-prison pipeline. Equity & Excellence in Education, 47(4), 546–564. doi:10.1080/10665684.2014.958965
  • Skiba, R. J., & Peterson, R. L. (2000). School discipline at a crossroads: From Zero Tolerance to early response. Exceptional Children, 66(3), 335–346. doi:10.1177/001440290006600305
  • Sojoyner, D. M. (2016). First strike: Educational enclosures in black Los Angeles. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Sorensen, L. C., Bushway, S. D., & Gifford, E. J. (2020). Getting tough? The effects of discretionary principal discipline on student outcomes. Education Finance and Policy, 17(2), 255–284. doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00341
  • Steinberg, M. P., & Lacoe, J. (2021). What do we know about school discipline reform? Education Next. Downloaded 11/18/2021. Last updated October, 4, 2016. [w]
  • Townsend, B. L. (2000). The disproportionate discipline of African American learners: Reducing school suspensions and expulsions. Exceptional Children, 66(3), 381–391. doi:10.1177/001440290006600308
  • Umeh, Z., Bumpus, J. P., & Harris, A. L. (2020). The impact of suspension on participation in school-based extracurricular activities and out-of-school community service. Social Science Research, 85, 102354. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102354
  • US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. (2016). 2013–14 Civil rights data collection: A first look. US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights.
  • von Hippel, P. T., Workman, J., & Downey, D. B. (2018). Inequality in reading and math skills forms mainly before kindergarten: A replication, and partial correction, of ‘‘Are Schools the Great Equalizer? Sociology of Education, 91(4), 323–357. doi:10.1177/0038040718801760
  • Wald, J. M., & Losen, D. J. (2003). Deconstructing the school-to-prison pipeline. Wiley.
  • Welsh, R. O. (2022). School discipline in the age of COVID-19: Exploring patterns, policy, and practice considerations. Peabody Journal of Education, 97(3), 291–308. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2022.2079885

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.