The time-dependent health and biochemical effects in rats exposed to stainless steel welding dust and its soluble form

ABSTRACT

Welding processes that generate fumes containing toxic metals, such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni), have been implicated in lung injury, inflammation, and lung tumor promotion in animal models. The principal objective of this study was to determine the dynamics of toxic effects of inhalation exposure to morphologically rated welding dust from stainless steel welding and its soluble form in TSE System with a dynamic airflow. We assessed the pulmonary toxicity of welding dust in Wistar rats exposed to 60.0 mg/m³ of respirable-size welding dust (mean diameter 1.17 µm) for 2 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week); the aerosols were generated in the nose-only exposure chambers (NOEC). An additional aim included the study of the effect of betaine supplementation on oxidative deterioration in rat lung during 2 weeks of exposure to welding dust or water-soluble dust form. The animals were divided into eight groups (n = 8 per group): control, dust, betaine, betaine + dust, soluble-form dust, soluble-form dust + betaine, saline and saline + betaine groups. Rats were euthanized 1 or 2 weeks after the last exposure for assessment of pulmonary toxicity. Differential cell counts, total protein concentrations and cellular enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase—LDH) activities were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and corticosterone and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations were assessed in serum. The increase in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in BAL fluid (a cytological index of inflammatory responses of the lung) is believed to reflect pulmonary toxicity of heavy metals. Biomarkers of toxicity assessed in bronchoalveolar fluids indicate that the level of the toxic effect depends mainly on the solubility of studied metal compounds; biomarkers that showed treatment effects included: total cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, total protein concentrations, and cellular enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase) activity. Betaine supplementation at 250 mg/kg/day in all study rats groups attenuated stress indices, and corticosterone and TBARS serum levels, and simultaneously stimulated increase of polymorphonuclear cells in BALF of rats. The study confirmed deleterious effect of transitory metals and particles during experimental inhalation exposure to welding dusts, evidenced in the lungs and brain by increased levels of total protein, higher cellular influx, rise of LDH in BALF, elevated TBARS and increased corticosterone in serum of rats. Our result confirm also the hypothesis about the effect of the welding dusts on the oxidative stress responsible for disturbed systemic homeostasis and impairment of calcium regulation.

KEYWORDS:

• Betaine
• chromium
• corticosterone
• dust
• inhalation
• nickel
• rats
• stainless welding

Acknowledgments

The skilful works of Dr Krystyna Sitarek, Katarzyna Domeradzka and Dr Piotr Lutz for animal care studies, and Ms. Barbara Kolodziejczyk and Zofia Grzelinska for biochemical analysis are highly appreciated.

Funding

This study was supported by Grant PB 2013/09/B/NZ7/04092 from the National Sciences Center.