Mediterranean karst springs: diatom biodiversity hotspots under the pressure of hydrological fluctuation and nutrient enrichment

Abstract

Mediterranean karst springs are affected by strong climatic seasonality, with long, dry and hot summers and are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures. In Sardinia (western Mediterranean Sea, Italy), they are largely unexplored and their biocoenoses are mostly unknown. The diatom flora from two substrates (cobbles and macrophytes) in eight springs of different areas of the island was investigated in summer 2016 and winter 2017. A total of 162 diatom taxa (58 genera) were found of which 27 (17 genera) only on cobbles and 26 (18 genera) only on macrophytes. The most abundant species from both substrates were Achnanthidium minutissimum, Amphora indistincta, Amphora pediculus, Cocconeis euglypta, Planothidium frequentissimum and P. lanceolatum. Overall, 67 taxa (40 genera) were recorded in single sites and some of these taxa showed high affinity with specific environmental conditions. Hydrological stability (water flow permanence), discharge and nutrients were the main environmental factors influencing diatom assemblages. Our results suggest that diatoms can reflect important local factors related to the vulnerability of these spring ecosystems and underline the importance of their preservation both for biodiversity and water quality maintenance.

Keywords:

• Bacillariophyceae
• carbonate substrate
• hydrological regime
• hydrochemistry
• epilithon
• epiphyton

Acknowledgements

We thank Maria Antonietta Mariani, Bruno Giordanu and EN.A.S. (Ente Acque della Sardegna) for their support in the field, the colleagues of the University of Sassari (Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology) for the analysis of water samples and Malvina Urbani for the identification of the macrophytes sampled. We are also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for the useful suggestions which have helped us in improving the quality of this manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.