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Original Articles

Censusing a tawny owl (Strix aluco) population living at high density merging two consolidated techniques

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Pages 249-257 | Received 12 Nov 2017, Accepted 17 Mar 2018, Published online: 29 Mar 2018
 

ABSTRACT

The risk of overestimating the number of nocturnal owls during a census is substantial when the territory density is high and no individual signature is available. The tawny owl voice was demonstrated to be individual, but no statistical technique evaluated to date is suitable for a census of this species. To overcome the problem, the combination of two methods is suggested in this study: (1) the Visual Spectrographic Comparison (VSC), a bioacoustics tool which tries to separate owls’ voices classifying the spectrograms of their calls based on their visual characteristics, and (2) the extensively used technique of Mapping Method (MM). The technique was applied to a dense population of tawny owls living in an isolated deciduous wood of northern Italy. Fourteen territorial males were individuated in the area, resulting a density of 6.0 pairs/km2. Most of the home ranges seem to overlap substantially, an evidence not in step with the common idea of high territoriality of the species. Since the technique is believed to be exhaustive, a future monitoring of this population could be precise, cheap and very informative. This technique could be easily extended to other elusive species that show individual vocal cues.

RÉSUMÉ

Le risque de surestimer le nombre de hiboux nocturnes lors d’un recensement est important quand la densité des territoires est élevée et en l’absence de signature individuelle. L’individualité vocale de la chouette hulotte a déjà été démontrée, mais aucune des techniques statistiques évaluées jusqu’à présent ne convient pour faire un recensement de cette espèce. Afin de surmonter ce problème, la combinaison de deux méthodes est suggérée: (1) la méthode de comparaison visuelle de spectrogrammes (VSC), un outil bioacoustique qui tente de distinguer les voix des hiboux selon les caractéristiques visuelles de leurs spectrogrammes, et (2) la méthode cartographique (MM), fréquemment utilisée. La technique a été appliquée à une population dense de chouette hulotte d’un boisé feuillu isolé du nord de l’Italie. Quatorze mâles territoriaux ont été individualisés dans l’aire d’étude, pour une densité de 6,0 couples/km2. La plupart des domaines vitaux semblaient se chevaucher considérablement, contrairement à l’idée reçue d’une territorialité marquée chez cette espèce. Puisque la technique est supposée être exhaustive, le suivi ultérieur de cette population pourra être précis, peu coûteux et très informatif. Cette technique pourrait facilement être utilisée pour d’autres espèces discrètes présentant des traits vocaux.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the Reserve Administration for permission to enter the area outside opening hours, and Fabio Gorian, Emma Minari and Livia Zapponi for their friendly and constant support. For the fieldwork, the many suggestions and the visual analysis of spectrograms, I sincerely thank: Davide Aldi, Livia Balasini, Stefano Bellintani, Claudio Braghiroli, Martina De Stefani, Massimo Crema, Nunzio Grattini, Fausta Lui, Cristiano Mantovani, Emanuele Mantovani, Sbarbada Fabrizia and Marco Simonazzi. I would also like to thank two anonymous referees and Daniele Longhi for the incisive revision of the text. Thanks to Giulia Peri for checking the English version.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

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