Impact of physical and psychological resources on functional autonomy in old age

Abstract

Functional autonomy is a core condition of successful ageing. To maximize autonomous functioning is not only a claim of social policy but also primarily an individual need. Part of the challenge of preventing unnecessary dependence in old age is to recognize the diversity among the elderly and the different availability of their physical, psychological and social resources. The aim of this study is to examine the age- and time-related changes in functional autonomy (activities of daily living, ADL, and instrumental activities of daily living, IADL) and the psychophysical resources correlated with these changes in a sample of 441 healthy elderly persons aged 65 – 95. Furthermore, we are interested in the long-term predictive power of physical resources (objective and subjective health, physical strength) and psychological resources (memory) on functional autonomy. Results show significant age- and time-related deteriorations in functional autonomy and in most psychophysical resources. Structural equation model analyses were performed to test the long-term predictive power of these resources. Results suggest that ADL is better predicted by physical resources than by psychological ones, but for IADL the reverse is the case; here memory variables play a dominant role. Physical and psychological variables are thus specifically related to different components of functional autonomy. This has to be taken into account in the development of preventive and intervention programmes.

Keywords:

• Functional autonomy
• health
• memory
• well-being
• muscle strength
• old age

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Study-Nr. 4032-035642).

Notes

1. In the year 2000, this was the case for 80% of the people aged 80 – 85 in Switzerland , and for 65 – 70% of people 85 and over (Höpflinger & Hugentobler, 2003).

2. This study has been approved by the ethic committee of the University Hospital of Basel.

3. All variables with a ∗ were measured in both waves.