Symptoms of depression and anxiety before and after myocardial infarction: The HUNT 2 and HUNT 3 study

Abstract

The long-term effect of having a myocardial infarction (MI) and to what extent post-MI anxiety and depression can be attributed to pre-MI anxiety and depression are not known. Anxiety as an independent risk factor for the onset of MI is not clear and studies treating anxiety and depression as continuous variables are lacking. Baseline data in this prospective study were obtained from the Health Study of Nord-Trøndelag County (HUNT 2). Anxiety and depression were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at HUNT 2. Age, gender, waist circumference, hypertension, total cholesterol, diabetes, and years of daily smoking were included as control variables. In the sample of 28,859 participants, 770 MI were reported in the follow-up study 5–8 years later (HUNT 3). The level of depressive symptoms at HUNT 2 was a significant and independent predictor of MI at HUNT 3, while symptoms of anxiety were not. Level of anxiety and depression at HUNT 3 was best predicted by baseline anxiety and depression. Having an MI had only a marginal effect on the levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms at HUNT 3. In the MI group, time since MI was not a significant predictor of anxiety and depression.

Keywords:

• depression
• CHD
• MI
• anxiety
• risk factors
• HUNT

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the HUNT Research Centre, whose permission and helpful assistance made this study possible.