Humanitarianism and human security in a post-9/11 world

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Notes

Torrente explains that “since the attacks of September 11, 2001, the ‘coherence’ agenda has been re-energized and re-focused, as the pursuit of peace and security has assumed a new meaning for major Western powers, especially the United States. The ‘global war on terror’ seeks to bring aid organisations into the fold of projecting the view that the Western world faces an existential threat and by arguing that fence-sitting is impossible and ultimately immoral” See N. de Torrente, ‘Humanitarian Action Under Attack: Reflections on the Iraq War’, Harvard Human Rights Journal 17 (2004): 26.

See E. Luck, ‘The United Nations and the Responsibility to Protect’, Briefing at the Stanley Foundation, August 2008. Available at http://www.stanleyfdn.org/publications/pab/LuckPAB808.pdf

See de Torrente (2004), 3.

Torrente (2004), 28.

See P. O'Brien, ‘Politicized Humanitarianism: a response to Nicholas de Torrente’ Harvard Human Rights Journal 17 (2004): 33.

P. O'Brien (2004), 38.

C. Calhoun in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 76.

C. Calhoun in Barnett and Weiss (under review),77.

C. Calhoun in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 76.

C. Calhoun in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 79.

Barnett and Weiss (under review), 19.

C. Calhoun in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 81–82.

C. Calhoun in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 82.

Barnett and Weiss (under review), 17.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Barnett and Weiss (under review), 17.

Ibid., 15.

Janice G. Stein in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 125.

Barnett and Weiss (under review), 4.

A strong advocate of this classical approach to humanitarian action in contemporary discourse is David Reiff. See D. Reiff, A Bed for the Night (New York: Simon and Shuster, 2002).

Barnett and Synder in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 143–171.

Laura Hammond in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 175.

Janice G. Stein in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 175.

Stephen Hopgood in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 100.

Ibid., 103.

James D. Fearon in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 74.

Ibid., 99.

Ibid., 104.

Ibid.

Stephen Hopgood in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 117.

Ibid., 123.

Ibid., 103.

Ibid., 122.

Barnett and Weiss (under review), 18.

The works of Alex de Waal, Mary Anderson and David Rieff amongst other scholars have comprehensively elaborated on the negative consequences of the politicization of aid.

Janice G. Stein in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 126.

Ibid.

James D. Fearon in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 50.

Barnett and Synder in Barnett and Weiss (under review), 159.

Ibid., 181.

UNDP (1994), 23.

See R. Paris, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air”, International Security 26, no. 2 (2001): 87–102.

Anthony McGrew in Shani et.al (under review), ix.

See Mary Kaldor, Human Security:Reflections on Globalisation and Intervention (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007), 160.

Ibid., 96.

Ibid., 97.

Ibid.

Ibid.

See Mark Duffield, Development, Security and Unending Wars: Governing the World of Peoples (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007); David Chandler, ‘From Security to Insecurity: Kaldor, Duffield and Furedi’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development 8 no. 2 (2007): 265–276.

Furedi, Frank, Invitation to Terror: The Expanding Empire of the Unknown (London: Continuum UK, 2007).

Shani in Shani et.al (under review), 8.

Ibid., 18.

Ibid.

I adopt Buzan et al.'s notion of ‘securitization’ which means “an extreme form of politicisation, whereby an issue comes to be either politicized or placed above politics. Securitization is simultaneously an instensification of politicization in that it usually makes an even stronger role for the state, yet in another sense is opposed to politicization in that more and more issues are removed from the political sphere by being designated as ‘security threats’”. B. Buzan, O. Wæver and J. de Wilde, Security: a New Framework for Analysis (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998); pp. 23–7.

G. Shani in Shani et.al (under review), 25.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Jacqueline Berman in Shani et.al (under review).

Ibid., 42.

Ibid.

See Duffield (2007): ix.

Ibid.

Ibid., 44–47.

The definition of exceptionalism adopted in Shani et.al (eds) is that of F. Johns, ‘Guantanamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception’, The European Journal of International Law 16, no. 4 (2005): 613–635.

Pasha in Shani et.al (under review), 186.

Ibid.

Ibid.,187.

Cited in Pasha, Op.cit, 188.

Ibid., 190.

Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001).