Legal perspectives on contingencies and resilience in an environment of constitutionalism - An overview

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Notes on contributor

Clive Walker is Professor of Criminal Justice Studies at the School of Law, University of Leeds. He has written extensively on criminal justice and human rights issues. His books have focused upon terrorism and the law, including, Terrorism and the Law (Oxford University Press, 2011). In 2003, he was a special adviser to the UK Parliamentary select committee considering the draft proposals which emerged as the Civil Contingencies Act 2004. A book commentating upon that Act, The Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Risk, Resilience and the Law in the United Kingdom, was published by Oxford University Press in 2006. Other recent publications include: Free Speech in an Internet Era (with Russ Weaver, Carolina Academic Press, 2013); and Counter-Terrorism, Human Rights and the Rule Of Law: Crossing Legal Boundaries in Defence of the State (co-edited with Aniceto Masferrer, Edward Elgar, 2013).

Notes

1. See Michael Power, Organized Uncertainty: Designing a World of Risk Management (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

2. Frank Furedi, Culture of Fear: Risk Taking and the Morality of Low Expectation, revised ed. (London: Continuum, 2002).

3. Uncertainty extends to the existential issue of the categories to be covered. Enrico L. Quarantelle, ed., What is a Disaster? (New York: Routledge, 1998).

4. Jean Baudrillard, ‘The Spirit of Terrorism’ (2001): 11, Leuk-Stadt: http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jean-baudrillard/articles/the-spirit-of-terrorism/. See also Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).

5. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society (London: Sage, 1992); Beck, ‘Risk Society and the Provident State’, in Risk, Environment and Modernity, ed. Scott Lash, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Brian Wynne (London: Sage, 1998); and Beck, World at Risk (Cambridge: Polity, 2009).

6. See Rod A.W. Rhodes, Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997), 17.

7. See, for example, McCann v. United Kingdom, App no 18984/91, Ser A 324 (1995); López Ostra v. Spain, App no 16798/90, 12 September 2009; and Kolyadenko v. Russia, App nos 17423/05, 20534/05, 20678/05, 23263/05, 24283/05 and 35673/05, 28 February 2012.

8. Michael Pitt, Learning Lessons from the 2007 Floods, First Report (London: Cabinet Office, 2007), 77; House of Commons Select Committee on Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Flooding (2007–8 HC 49–1); House of Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee, Managing Flood Risk (2013–14 HC 330); and Jill Morgan and Mark Stalworthy, ‘Indemnifying against Flood Loss in a Changing Environment’, Legal Studies 33 (2013): 239.

9. The creation of a ‘Ring of Steel’ in one place may result in the choice of easier targets rather than desistance. Clive Walker, ‘Political Violence and Commercial Risk’, Current Legal Problems 56 (2004): 531; Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War and Terrorism (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004); and Tony Craig, ‘Sabotage!’, Intelligence and National Security 25 (2010): 309.

10. See Jörg Monar, ‘Common Threat and Common Response? The European Union's Counter-terrorism Strategy and its Problems’, Government and Opposition 42 (2007): 292; Monica Den Boer, Claudia Hillebrand and Andreas Nölke, ‘Legitimacy under Pressure: The European Web of Counter-terrorism Networks’, Journal of Common Market Studies 46 (2008): 101; Oldrich Bures, EU Counterterrorism Policy: A Paper Tiger? (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011); and Cian Murphy, EU Counter-terrorism Law (Oxford: Hart, 2012).

11. Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. The Directive is set in the context of a Council Communication on a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (COM(2006) 786 final) and follows a European Commission Green Paper with the same title (COM(2005) 576 final). See Bernhard Hämmerli and Andrea Renda, Protecting Critical Infrastructure in the EU (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2010); Javier Lopez, Roberto Setola and Stephen Wolthusen, eds., Critical Infrastructure Protection: Advances in Critical Infrastructure Protection (Heidelberg: Springer, 2012); and Theodore Konstadinides, ‘Civil Protection in EU Law’, European Law Journal 19 (2013): 267. For UK criticism, see House of Commons European Scrutiny Committee, Fifteenth Report (2006–07 HC 41-xv).

12. See European Commission, Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management, SEC(2010) 1626 final (Brussels: European Commission, 2010).

13. Council Decision 2007/779/EC, Euratom of 8 November 2007 establishing a Community Civil Protection Mechanism (recast); and Council Decision 2007/162/EC, Euratom of 5 March 2007 establishing a Civil Protection Financial Instrument. See, further, Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council, Union Civil Protection Mechanism, COM(2011) 934 final (Brussels: European Union, 2011); and Council of the European Union, Joint Proposal for a Council Decision on the arrangements for the implementation by the Union of the Solidarity Clause, JOIN(2012) 39 final (Brussels: Council of the EU, 2012).

14. For its application to terrorism emergencies, see Clive Walker, ‘Constitutional Governance and Special Powers against Terrorism’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 35 (1997): 1; and Walker, ‘Cosmopolitan Liberty in the Age of Terrorism’, in International and Comparative Criminal Justice and Urban Governance, ed. Adam Crawford (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011), 413.

15. See Giorgio Agamben, The State of Exception (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

16. Compare Carl Schmitt, Political Theology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985).

17. Agamben, The State of Exception, 50.

18. See Günther Jakobs and Cancio Meliá, Criminal Law of the Enemy, 2nd ed. (Madrid: Civitas, 2006).

19. In the Guardian, January 15, 2009, 29.

20. See Executive Order 13492 – Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities (22 January 2009); and Executive Order 13493 – Review of Detention Policy Options (22 January 2009). The policy of closure is effectively blocked by Congress, beginning with the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, s.1032 (PL 11–383).

21. See Christof Heyns, Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, A/68/382 (New York: United Nations, 2013); and Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism, A/68/389 (New York: United Nations, 2013).

22. Michael Ignatieff, The Lesser Evil (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), 144.

23. See Sarah Marks, ‘State Centrism, International Law and the Anxieties of Influence’, Leiden Journal of International Law 19 (2006): 339; and Barry Vaughan and Sean Kilcommins, Terrorism, Rights and the Rule of Law (Cullompton, UK: Willan, 2008), 13.

24. See Colm Campbell and Ita Connelly, ‘Making War on Terror?’, Modern Law Review 69 (2006): 935, 939.

25. The agenda of ‘protect’ in counter-terrorism strategy is also hugely expansive. See Clive Walker, ‘“Protect” against Terrorism: In Service of the State, the Corporation, or the Citizen?’, in The Long Decade: How 9/11 has Changed the Law, ed. David Jenkins, Anders Henriksen and Amanda Jacobsen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

26. Edwin Bakker and Beatrice de Graaf, ‘Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism: Some CT Approaches Addressed’, Perspectives on Terrorism 5, nos. 5–6 (2003): 43.

27. See Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina, A Failure of Initiative (Washington, DC: 2006); and Daniel A. Farber and Jim Chen, Disasters and the Law: Katrina and Beyond (Frederick, MD: Aspen, 2006).

28. See also Thomas Cmar, ‘Office of Homeland Security’, Harvard Journal on Legislation 39 (2002): 455; and Jonathan Thessin, ‘Department of Homeland Security’, Harvard Journal on Legislation 40 (2003): 513.

29. RES-451–26-0901.

30. Thanks for providing the venue (and a paper on ‘Local Resilience and National Risk’) to Jennifer Cole, Senior Research Fellow, Resilience and Emergency Management at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI).

31. Wildavsky, Searching for Safety (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1988).