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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 14, 2012 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Factors associated with a drive for muscularity among gay and bisexual men

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Pages 1-15 | Received 30 Dec 2010, Accepted 30 Aug 2011, Published online: 14 Nov 2011
 

Abstract

Among gay and bisexual men, body dissatisfaction can manifest itself in the form of a desire for increased muscularity. Possibly in response to homophobia, the socio-sexual culture of gay and bisexual men privileges muscularity and may help to perpetuate a sense of body dissatisfaction. Little is known about factors associated with a drive for muscularity among gay and bisexual men. This study recruited participants (n = 400) at Toronto's 2008 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender festival to provide data used to examine the relationship between a drive for muscularity and demographics (age, race, education, HIV status), psychological factors (depression, disordered eating, internalised homophobia, substance use), body mass, a history of childhood sexual abuse and sexual risk. Multivariate analyses revealed that a drive for muscularity was associated with age, disordered eating, depression, sexual risk and internalised homonegativity. These findings can be used to advance the health and wellbeing of gay and bisexual men, particularly interventions designed to mitigate the effects of internalised homonegativity and policies aimed at reducing homophobia.

Chez les hommes gays et bisexuels, l'insatisfaction de l'image corporelle peut se traduire par le désir d'avoir des muscles plus développés. Peut-être en riposte à l'homophobie, la culture socio-culturelle de ces hommes fait de la musculature une priorité et pourrait contribuer à perpétuer l'insatisfaction de l'image corporelle. Les facteurs associés à cette tendance dans cette population sont peu connus. Cette étude a recruté 400 participants du festival LGBT de Toronto en 2008 afin de recueillir des données pour une analyse du rapport entre la volonté de développer les muscles et les caractéristiques démographiques (âge, groupe ethnique, niveau d'éducation, statut sérologique vis-à-vis du VIH), les facteurs psychologiques (dépression, troubles de l'alimentation, homophobie intériorisée, abus de substances), la masse corporelle (IMC), les abus sexuels dans l'enfance et le risque sexuel. Les analyses multivariées ont révélé que la volonté de développement des muscles était associée à l'âge, aux troubles de l'alimentation, à la dépression, au risque sexuel et à l'homonégativité intériorisée. Ces résultats peuvent être utilisés dans un objectif d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être des hommes gays et bisexuels, en particulier à travers les interventions élaborées pour atténuer les effets de l'homonégativité intériorisée, et grâce aux politiques visant à lutter contre l'homophobie.

Entre los hombres gais y bisexuales, la insatisfacción corporal puede manifestarse en forma de desear aumentar la musculatura. Como posible respuesta a la homofobia, la cultura socio-sexual de los hombres gais y bisexuales da prioridad a la musculatura y podría contribuir a perpetuar una sensación de insatisfacción corporal. Poco se sabe sobre los factores relacionados que incitan a aumentar la musculatura entre los hombres gais y bisexuales. Para este estudio se captaron participantes (n = 400) en el festival de lesbianas, gais, bisexuales y transexuales (LGBT) de Toronto en 2008 para recabar datos que se utilizaron para examinar la relación entre el interés por aumentar la musculatura y los datos demográficos (edad, etnia, educación, estado sérico del VIH), factores psicológicos (depresión, trastornos alimentarios, homofobia interiorizada, uso de estupefacientes), masa corporal (IMC), antecedentes de abuso sexual infantil y riesgo sexual. En los análisis multivariantes observamos que el interés por la musculatura estaba asociado con la edad, los trastornos alimentarios, la depresión, el riesgo sexual y la homonegatividad interiorizada. Estos resultados pueden servir para lograr avances en la salud y el bienestar de hombres gais y bisexuales, en particular mediante intervenciones pensadas para mitigar los efectos de la homonegatividad interiorizada y políticas que tienen como objetivo reducir la homofobia.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge that funding for this project came from the Ontario HIV Treatment Network and The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues of the American Psychological Association. Additionally, the authors are grateful to Winston Husbands and the staff at the AIDS Committee of Toronto as well as the more than 30 volunteers who assisted with recruitment. Finally, we are especially thankful to the study participants.

Notes

1. In this paper we have chosen to use the term gay and bisexual men to refer to the population of interest. Though the term ‘men who have sex with men’ is commonly used, all of the men in our study identified as gay or bisexual, hence our consistent use of this term. We have kept the term ‘men who have sex with men’ when the original authors of a study used that term.

2. Although the concepts of a desire for thinness and/or a drive for muscularity are components of body dissatisfaction, sometimes these three concepts are used interchangeably. In this paper, we reference body dissatisfaction as a general term when we are referencing others' work in the broader area of body dissatisfaction or even when we are referencing our own work in relation to the overarching concept of body dissatisfaction. When we discuss a drive from muscularity or thinness, we are referencing those very specific concepts.

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