References
- Allensworth-Davies , D. , Welles , S.L. , Hellerstedt , W.L. and Ross , M.W. 2008 . Body image, body satisfaction, and unsafe anal intercourse among men who have sex with men . Journal of Sex Research , 45 : 49 – 56 .
- Andresen , E.M. , Malmgren , J.A. , Carter , W.B. and Patrick , D.L. 1994 . Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (center for epidemiologic studies depression scale) . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 10 : 77 – 84 .
- Arreola , S.G. , Neilands , T.B. , Pollack , L.M. , Paul , J.P. and Catania , J.A. 2005 . Higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Latino men who have sex with men than non-Latino men who have sex with men: Data from the urban men's health study . Child Abuse & Neglect , 29 : 285 – 90 .
- Bell , A. and Weinberg , M. 1978 . Homosexualities: A study of diversity among men and women , New York : Simon and Schuster .
- Beren , S.E. , Hayden , H.A. , Wilfley , D.E. and Grilo , C.M. 1996 . The influence of sexual orientation on body dissatisfaction in adult men and women . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 20 : 135 – 41 .
- Bergeron , D. and Tylka , T.L. 2007 . Support for the uniqueness of body dissatisfaction from drive for muscularity among men . Body Image , 4 : 288 – 95 .
- Blashill , A.J. 2010 . Elements of male body image: Prediction of depression, eating pathology and social sensitivity among gay men . Body Image , 7 : 310 – 6 .
- Blashill , A.J. and Vander Wal , J.S. 2011 . Components of body image in gay men with HIV/AIDS . American Journal of Men's Health , 5 : 6 – 10 .
- Brennan , D.J. , Hellerstedt , W.L. , Ross , M.W. and Welles , S.L. 2007 . History of childhood sexual abuse and HIV-risk behaviors in homosexual and bisexual men . American Journal of Public Health , 97 : 1107 – 12 .
- Brennan , D.J. , Crath , R. , Hart , T.A. , Gadalla , T. and Gillis , L. 2011 . Associations between disordered eating, body image and sexual risk among gay and bisexual men . International Journal of Men's Health , 10 : 253 – 68 .
- Cafri , G. and Thompson , J.K. 2004 . Measuring male body image: A review of the current methodology . Psychology of Men and Masculinity , 5 : 18 – 29 .
- Cafri , G. , Thompson , J.K. , Ricciardelli , L. , McCabe , M. , Smolak , L. and Yesalis , C. 2005 . Pursuit of the muscular ideal: Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors . Clinical Psychology Review , 25 : 215 – 39 .
- Chaney , M.P. 2008 . Muscle dysmorphia, self-esteem and loneliness among gay and bisexual men . International Journal of Men's Health , 7 : 157 – 70 .
- Cox , S. and Gallois , C. 1996 . Gay and lesbian identity development: A social identity perspective . Journal of Homosexuality , 30 : 1 – 30 .
- Duggan , S.J. and McCreary , D.R. 2004 . Body image, eating disorders and the drive for muscularity in gay and heterosexual men: The influence of media images . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 : 45 – 58 .
- Feldman , M.B. and Meyer , I.H. 2007 . Childhood abuse and eating disorders in gay and bisexual men . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 40 : 418 – 23 .
- Frederickson , B.L. and Roberts , T.A. 1997 . Objectification theory . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 21 : 173 – 206 .
- Gadalla , T.M. and Piran , N. 2009 . Eating disorders, substance use disorders and major depression in the Canadian population . Journal of Mental Health , 18 : 486 – 94 .
- Gadalla , T.M. and Piran , N. 2007 . Eating disorders and substance abuse in Canadian men and women: A national study . Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention , 15 : 189 – 203 .
- Garner , D. , Olmstead , M. , Bohr , Y. and Garfinkel , P. 1982 . The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates . Psychological Medicine , 12 : 871 – 8 .
- Garrow , J.S. and Webster , B.S. 1985 . Quetelet's index (W/H)2 as a measure of fatness . International Journal of Obesity , 9 : 147 – 53 .
- Gentile , K. , Raghavan , C. , Rajah , V. and Gates , K. 2007 . It doesn't happen here: Eating disorders in an ethnically diverse sample of economically disadvantaged, urban college students . Eating Disorders , 15 : 405 – 25 .
- Goldfield , G.S. , Blouin , A.G. and Woodside , D.B. 2006 . Body image, binge eating and bulimia nervosa in male bodybuilders . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 51 : 160 – 8 .
- Gore-Felton , C. , Kalichman , S.C. , Brondino , M.J. , Benotsch , E.G. , Cage , M. and DiFonzo , K. 2006 . Childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk among men who have sex with men: Initial test of a conceptual model . Journal of Family Violence , 21 : 263 – 70 .
- Green , A.I. 2008 . Health and sexual status in an urban gay enclave: An application of the stress process model . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 49 : 436 – 51 .
- Grossbard , J.R. , Lee , C.M. , Neighbors , C. and Larimer , M.E. 2009 . Body image concerns and contingent self-esteem in male and female college students . Sex Roles , 60 : 198 – 207 .
- Halkitis , P.N. 2001 . An exploration of perceptions of masculinity among gay men living with HIV . Journal of Men's Studies , 9 : 413 – 29 .
- Harvey , J.A. and Robinson , J.D. 2003 . Eating disorders in men: Current considerations . Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , 10 : 297 – 306 .
- Haywood , C. and Mac an Ghaill , M. 2003 . Men and masculinities: Theory, research and social practice , Birmingham, UK : Open University Press .
- Herek , G.M. , Capitanio , J.P. and Widaman , K.F. 2002 . HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and trends . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 371 – 7 .
- Kaminski , P.L. , Chapman , B.P. , Haynes , S.D. and Own , L. 2005 . Body image, eating behaviors and attitudes toward exercise among gay and straight men . Eating Behaviors , 6 : 179 – 87 .
- Kelley (Galliger) , C.C. , Neufeld , J.M. and Musher-Eizenman , D.R. 2010 . Drive for thinness and drive for muscularity: Opposite ends of the continuum or separate constructs? . Body Image , 7 : 74 – 7 .
- Kimmel , S.B. and Mahalik , J.R. 2005 . Body image concerns of gay men: The roles of minority stress and conformity to masculine norms . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 : 1185 – 90 .
- Kraft , C. , Robinson , B. , Nordstrom , D.L. , Bockting , W.O. and Rosser , B.R. 2006 . Obesity, body image and unsafe sex in men who have sex with men . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 35 : 587 – 95 .
- Levesque , M.J. and Vichesky , D.R. 2006 . Raising the bar on the body beautiful: An analysis of the body image concerns of homosexual men . Body Image , 3 : 45 – 55 .
- McCreary , D.R. , Hildebrandt , T.B. , Heinberg , L.J. , Boroughs , M. and Thompson , J.K. 2007 . A review of body image influences on men's fitness goals and supplement use . American Journal of Men's Health , 1 : 307 – 16 .
- McCreary , D.R. and Sasse , D.K. 2000 . An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls . Journal of American College Health , 48 : 297 – 304 .
- Meyer , C. , Blissett , J. and Oldfield , C. 2001 . Sexual orientation and eating psychopathology: The role of masculinity and femininity . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 29 : 314 – 8 .
- Morrison , M.A. , Morrison , T.G. and Sager , C. 2004 . Does body satisfaction differ between gay men and lesbian women and heterosexual men and women? A meta-analytic review . Body Image , 1 : 127 – 38 .
- O'Dea , J.A. and Abraham , S. 2002 . Disordered eating and exercise disorders in young college males . Journal of American College Health , 50 : 273 – 8 .
- Olivardia , R. , Pope , H.G. Jr , Borowiecki , J.J. III and Cohane , G.H. 2004 . Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression and eating disorder symptoms . Psychology of Men and Masculinity , 5 : 112 – 20 .
- Poon , M. and Ho , P.T.T. 2008 . Negotiating social stigma among gay Asian men . Sexualities , 11 : 245 – 68 .
- Reilly , A. and Rudd , N.A. 2006 . Is internalized homonegativity related to body image? . Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal , 35 : 58 – 73 .
- Ricciardelli , L.A. , McCabe , M.P. , Williams , R.J. and Thompson , J.K. 2007 . The role of ethnicity and culture in body image and disordered eating among males . Clinical Psychology Review , 27 : 582 – 606 .
- Siconolfi , D. , Halkitis , P.N. , Allomong , T.W. and Burton , C.L. 2009 . Body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in a sample of gay and bisexual men . International Journal of Men's Health , 8 : 254 – 64 .
- Siever , M.D. 1994 . Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 252 – 60 .
- Strong , S.M. , Williamson , D.A. , Netemeyer , R.G. and Geer , J.H. 2000 . Eating disorder symptoms and concerns about body differ as a function of gender and sexual orientation . Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology , 19 : 240 – 55 .
- Swami , V. and Tovée , M.J. 2008 . The muscular male: A comparison of the physical attractiveness preferences of gay and heterosexual men . International Journal of Men's Health , 7 : 59 – 71 .
- Tajfel , H. and Turner , J.C. 1986 . “ The social identity theory of inter-group behavior ” . In Psychology of intergroup relations , Edited by: Worchel , S. and Austin , W.G. 7 – 24 . Chicago, IL : Nelson-Hall .
- Tiggemann , M. , Martins , Y. and Kirkbride , A. 2007 . Oh to be lean and muscular: Body image ideals in gay and heterosexual men . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 8 : 15 – 24 .
- Travis , A.R. 2010 . Body image investment among gay and bisexual men over the age of 40: A test of social comparison theory and threatened masculinity theory . Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review , 6 : 4 – 19 .
- Weltzin , T.E. , Weisensel , N. , Franczyk , D. , Burnett , K. , Klitz , C. and Bean , P. 2005 . Eating disorders in men: Update . Journal of Men's Health and Gender , 2 : 186 – 91 .
- Wichstrøm , L. 2006 . Sexual orientation as a risk factor for bulimic symptoms . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 39 : 448 – 53 .
- Williamson , I. 1999 . Why are gay men a high risk group for eating disturbance? . European Eating Disorders Review , 7 : 1 – 4 .
- Wilson , P.A. , Valera , P. , Ventuneac , A. , Balan , I. , Rowe , M. and Carballo-Diéguez , A. 2009 . Race-based sexual stereotyping and sexual partnering among men who use the Internet to identify other men for bareback sex . Journal of Sex Research , 46 : 399 – 413 .
- Wilton , L. 2009 . A preliminary study of body image and HIV sexual risk behavior in black gay and bisexual men: Implications for HIV prevention . Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 21 : 309 – 25 .
- Wiseman , M.C. and Moradi , B. 2010 . Body image and eating disorder symptoms in sexual minority men: A test and extension of objectification theory . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 57 : 154 – 66 .