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Articles

Tyrants and Terrorists: Reflections on the Connection between Totalitarianism, Neo-liberalism, Civil War and the Failure of the State in Iraq and Sudan

Pages 359-379 | Published online: 28 Sep 2009
 

Abstract

Failed states that foster warlords and terrorists are now an increasing challenge to state stability across the Middle East. This paper uses the case studies of Iraq and Sudan to show how a neo-liberal policy of dismantling the public sector by an illegitimate regime that combines tribalisation with the arbitrary use of power leads to dramatic weakening of the state and an increase in warlordism.

Notes

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 5. Herfried Münkler, Der neue Golfkrieg (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt 2003) p.59.

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 7. Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP 1978) pp.439–44.

 8. Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2007) p.103.

 9. Batatu (note 7) p.454.

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21. Andrea Fischer-Tahir, ‘Wir gaben viele Märtyrer’. Widerstand und kollektive Identitätsbildung in Irakisch-Kurdistan (Münster: Unrast 2003) pp.202–07.

22. David Romano, The Kurdish National Movement. Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2006) p.210.

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27. Baram (note 24) p.1.

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35. Anthony H. Cordesman, The Iraqi Insurgency and the Risk of Civil War: Who Are the Players? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies 2006).

36. Anthony H. Cordesman, Zarqawi's Death: Temporary ‘Victory’ or Lasting Impact (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies 2006) p.7.

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38. Romano (note 22) p.220.

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40. Chatham House, Middle East Programme Briefing Paper MEP BP 07/02 Accepting Realities in Iraq, online at < http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/pdf/research/mep/BPIraq0507.pdf> accessed

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42. Matthias Lichtenberger, Die Islamisierung der Ökonomie im Sudan. Wirtschaftspolitik zwischen Macht, Markt und Moral Magisterarbeit unpublished Masters thesis, University of Berlin (2002) p.107.

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46. J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins, Darfur. The Long Road to Disaster (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers 2006) p.205.

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48. Bloodhound, The Scorched Earth of Darfur. Patterns in Death and Destruction Reported by the People of Darfur (January 2001–September 2005), online at < www.bloodhound.se/06_04_26_DARFUR_report.pdf> accessed 5 May 2008.

49. CRED, Darfur. Counting the Deaths. Mortality Estimates from Multiple Survey Data, online at < www.cred.be/docs/cedat/DarfurCountingTheDeaths-withClarifications.pdf> accessed 5 May 2008.

50. Genocide Watch, Darfur Arabs Create a Rebel Group, Repulse Army Attack, online at < www.genocidewatch.org/images/Sudan-6-Dec-06-Darfur-Arabs-Create-a-Rebel-Group,-Repulse-Army-Attack.pdf> accessed 5 May 2008.

51. Amnesty International, Sudan: Arms Continuing to Fuel Serious Human Rights Violations in Darfur, online at < http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr540192007> accessed 5 May 2008.

52. International Crisis Group, Sudan, online at < www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l = 1&id = 1230> accessed 5 May 2008.

53. Leadership Office of Hamadab Affected People (LOHAP), Hundreds Forced to Flee Homes as Reservoir Waters Rise, online at < www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article17017> accessed 20 Mar. 2007.

54. Leadership Office of Hamadab Affected People (LOHAP), Hundreds Forced to Flee Homes as Reservoir Waters Rise, online at < http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article17017> accessed

55. Four Killed over Nile Dam Project that Threatens Nubian Towns, online at < http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070615-sudan-nubian.html> accessed 5 May 2008.

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